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Chapter 8

Chapter 8 . Consumer Attitude Formation and Change. Attitudes. A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. What are Attitudes?. The attitude “object” Attitudes are a learned predisposition Attitudes have consistency

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Consumer Attitude Formation and Change

  2. Attitudes A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.

  3. What are Attitudes? • The attitude “object” • Attitudes are a learned predisposition • Attitudes have consistency • Attitudes occur within a situation

  4. Table 8.1 Examples of How Situations Might Influence Attitudes PRODUCT/SERVICE SITUATION ATTITUDE Coppertone Oil Free Sunscreen Active sports in the sun “It sounds like a good idea to use an oil free sunscreen when involved in summer sports activities.” Cannon Color Printers Old PC printer ceases to work “Now that they have gone down in price so much, it’s time for me to buy a color printer.” Hilton Resorts and Casinos Exhausted, time or a weekend get-a-way “I worked hard; I earned a couple of days away to relax.” Altoids Mints Bad taste in one’s mouth “I really need a strong mint after I drink a large cup of coffee.”

  5. Table 8.1 continued PRODUCT/SERVICE SITUATION ATTITUDE Sports Illustrated for Kids It’s my nephew’s birthday “He loves sports; I should get a one-year subscription.” Omega Seamaster Professional Old wristwatch is lost “Now I have an opportunity to get the watch James Bond wears.” Claritin-D 24 Hour Summer allergy “I need something that really works. I’ve heard good things about Claritin.” Kraft Free Salad Dressing Going on a diet “I really should try using more fat-free products.”

  6. Structural Models of Attitudes • Tricomponent Attitude Model • Muliattribute Attitude Models • The Trying-to-Consume Model • Attitude-toward-the-ad Model

  7. Figure 8.1 A Simple Representation of the Tricomponent Attitude Model Conation Affect Cognition

  8. The Tricomponent Model • Cognitive Component • The knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude object and related information from various sources. • Affective Component • A consumer’s emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand. • Conative Component • The likelihood or tendency that an individual will undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude object

  9. Figure 8.2 A Consumer’s Belief System for Two Brands of Pocket Digital Organizers PRODUCT POCKET DIGITAL ORGANIZERS BRAND 3Com PalmPilot ATTRIBUTES Ease of use Handwriting feature PC backup Other features BELIEFS Known to be a snap to use A little effort to learn a few rules Simple one button Doesn’t have built-in drawing feature EVALUATIONS (++++) (+++) (++) (-)

  10. Figure 8.2 continued PRODUCT POCKET DIGITAL ORGANIZERS BRAND Casio Cassiopeia ATTRIBUTES Ease of use Handwriting feature PC backup Other features BELIEFS A longer learning curve Easy, but a little learning Some learning Has drawing and voice-record features EVALUATIONS (+) (++) (++) (+++)

  11. Table 8.2 Selected Evaluations Scale Used to Gauge Consumers’ Attitudes toward Old Spice After Shave Compared to other after shave products,Old Spice is: Good Positive Pleasant Appealing [1] [1] [1] [1] [2] [2][2] [2] [3] [3] [3] [3] [4] [4] [4] [4] [5] [5] [5] [5] [6] [6] [6] [6] [7] [7] [7] [7] Bad Negative Unpleasant Unappealing

  12. Table 8.3 Measuring Consumers’ Feelings and Emotions with Regard to Using Old Spice After Shave For the past 10 days you have had a chance to try Old Spice After Shave. We would appreciate it if you would identify how your face felt after using the product during this 10-day trial period. For each of the words below, we would appreciate it if you would mark with an “X” in the box corresponding to how your face felt after using Old Spice during the past 10 days. VERY NOT AT ALL My face felt relaxed My face felt handsome My face felt tight My face felt smooth My face felt supple My face felt clean My face felt refreshed My face felt revived My face felt pampered My face felt renewed [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

  13. Table 8.4 Two Examples of Intention-to-Buy Scales Which of the following statements best describes the chance that you will buy Old Spice the next time you purchase an after shave product? ___I definitely will buy it. ___I probably will buy it. ___I am uncertain whether I will buy it. ___I probably will not buy it. ___I definitely will not buy it. How likely are you to buy Old Spice After Shave during the next three months? ___Very likely ___Likely ___Unlikely ___Very unlikely

  14. Multiattribute Attitude Models Attitude models that examine the composition of consumer attitudes in terms of selected product attributes or beliefs.

  15. Multiattribute Attitude Models • The attitude-toward-object model • Attitude is function of evaluation of product-specific beliefs and evaluations • The attitude-toward-behavior model • Is the attitude toward behaving or acting with respect to an object, rather than the attitude toward the object itself • Theory-of-reasoned-action model • A comprehensive, integrative model of attitudes

  16. Attitude-Toward-Behavior Model A model that proposes that a consumer’s attitude toward a specific behavior is a function of how strongly he or she believes that the action will lead to a specific outcome (either favorable or unfavorable).

  17. Theory of Reasoned Action A comprehensive theory of the interrelationship among attitudes,intentions, and behavior.

  18. Figure 8.3 A Simplified Version of the Theory of Reasoned Action Beliefs that the behavior leads to certain outcomes Evaluation of the outcomes Beliefs that specific referents think I should or should not perform the behavior Motivation to comply with the specific referents Attitude toward the behavior Subjective norm Intention Behavior

  19. Theory of Trying to Consume An attitude theory designed to account for the many cases where the action or outcome is not certain but instead reflects the consumer’s attempt to consume (or purchase).

  20. Table 8.5 Selected Examples of Potential Impediments That Might Impact on Trying POTENTIAL PERSONAL IMPEDIMENTS “I wonder whether my fingernails will be longer by the time of my wedding.” “I want to try to lose fifteen pounds by next summer.” “I’m going to try to get tickets for a Broadway show for your birthday.” “I’m going to attempt to give up smoking by my birthday.” “I am going to increase how often I go to the gym from two to four times a week.” “Tonight, I’m not going to have dessert at the restaurant.” POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPEDIMENTS “The first ten people to call in will receive a free T-shirt.” “Sorry, the shoes didn’t come in this shipment from Italy.” “There are only three bottles of champagne in our stockroom. You better come in sometime today.” “I am sorry. We cannot serve you. We are closing the restaurant because of a problem with the oven.”

  21. Attitude-Toward-the-Ad Model A model that proposes that a consumer forms various feelings (affects) and judgments (cognitions) as the result of exposure to an advertisement, which, in turn, affect the consumer’s attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand.

  22. Figure 8.4 A Conception of the Relationship among Elements in an Attitude-Toward-the-Ad Model Exposure to an Ad Judgments about the Ad (Cognition) Feelings from the Ad (Affect) Beliefs about the Brand Attitude toward the Ad Attitude toward the Brand

  23. Affect Cognition Attitude Issues in Attitude Formation • How attitudes are learned • Sources of influence on attitude formation • Personality factors

  24. Strategies of Attitude Change • Changing the Basic Motivational Function • Associating the Product With a Special Group, Event,or Cause • Resolving Two Conflicting Attitudes • Altering Components of the Multiattribute Model • Changing Beliefs About Competitors’ Brands • The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

  25. Functional Approach An attitude-change theory that classifies attitudes in terms of four functions: utilitarian, ego-defensive value-expressive, and knowledge functions.

  26. Four Basic Motivational Functions • The Utilitarian Function • The Ego-defensive Function • The Value-expressive Function • The Knowledge Function

  27. Utilitarian Function A component of the functional approach to attitude-change theory that suggests consumers hold certain attitudes partly because of the brand’s utility.

  28. Ego-Defensive Function A component of the functional approach to attitude-change that suggests that consumers want to protect their self-concepts from inner feelings of doubt.

  29. Value-Expressive Function A component of the functional approach to attitude-change theory that suggests that attitudes express consumers’ general values, lifestyles, and outlook.

  30. Knowledge Function A component of the functional approach to attitude-change theory that suggests that consumers have a strong need to know and understand the people and things with which they come into contact.

  31. Altering Components of the Multiattribute Model • Changing the Relative Evaluation of Attributes • Changing Brand Beliefs • Adding an Attribute • Changing the Overall Brand Rating

  32. Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) A theory that suggests that a person’s level of involvement during message processing is a critical factor in determining which route to persuasion is likely to be effective.

  33. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) Involvement HIGH LOW Central Route Peripheral Route Message Arguments Influence Attitudes Peripheral Cues Influence Attitudes

  34. Why Might Behavior Precede Attitude Formation? • Cognitive Dissonance Theory • Attribution Theory Behave (Purchase) Form Attitude Form Attitude

  35. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Holds that discomfort or dissonance occurs when a consumer holds conflicting thoughts about a belief or an attitude object.

  36. Postpurchase Dissonance Cognitive dissonance that occurs after a consumer has made a purchase commitment. Consumers resolve this dissonance through a variety of strategies designed to confirm the wisdom of their choice.

  37. Attribution Theory A theory concerned with how people assign casualty to events and form or alter their attitudes as an outcome of assessing their own or other people’s behavior.

  38. Issues in Attribution Theory • Self-perception Theory • Foot-In-The-Door Technique • Attributions Toward Others • Attributions Toward Things • How We Test Our Attributions

  39. Self-Perception Theory A theory that suggests that consumers develop attitudes by reflecting on their own behavior.

  40. Defensive Attribution A theory that suggests consumers are likely to accept credit for successful outcomes (internal attribution) and to blame other persons or products for failure (external attribution).

  41. Foot-in-the-Door Technique A theory of attitude change that suggests individuals form attitudes that are consistent with their own prior behavior.

  42. Criteria for Causal Attributions • Distinctiveness • Consistency Over Time • Consistency Over Modality • Consensus

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