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Preposition, Interjection By: Anza Afzal Dar
7. Preposition: • A word that is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word: • The book is on the table. The cat is under the table. • He sat on the chair. • There is some milk in the fridge. • She was hiding under the table. • The cat jumped off the counter. • He drove over the bridge. • She lost her ring at the beach. • The book belongs to Anthony. • They were sitting by the tree.
Types of Prepositions: • There are three types of prepositions, including, • time prepositions, • place prepositions, and • direction prepositions.
2.Functional Time Prepositions • The following time prepositions have a more functional usage and show how two or more events relate to each other in time. • For example, Lisa jogs before dinner means Lisa jogs first and eats dinner second.
Place prepositions • are used to show the position or location of one thing with another,such as, at, in, on, Under / Below, between and Above / Over • In general we use: at for a POINT • at the corner, at the bus stop • at the door • at the top of the page • in for an ENCLOSED SPACE • on for a SURFACE • On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or attached to something. • The clock on the wall is slow.
Between • Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or places). • There is a sea between England and France, • Above / Over • Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than X" but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you. • Planes normally fly above the clouds. • Under / Below • Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level. (Something is above it). • Your legs are under the table.
8-Interjections • Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. • They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm. • An interjection is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.Examples of interjection: • Ahh, Eh, Wow, Hey, Well, What, Hurrah,, Oh, Oops, Ouch, Yeah, Hush,,, Bravo, Hello, Ugh, Ah, Ha ha, Well done, Alas, Fie, Hi, Yes,, Help, Happy Birthday, Good morning, dear,, yum, oy, etc. For example:
Good! Now we can celebrate the party. • Oh, what's a surprise • Hey! Get out of the building! • Yes! I can do it easily. • No! I run so long. • Well! I have a good news.
Types of Interjection • Interjection is divided into following types on the basis of way to express interjections in the sentence such as greeting, joy, surprise, approval, sorrow, attention, and calling. • Hey! Get off that floor! • Oh, that is a surprise. • Good! Now we can move on.
Interjections for Greeting • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate the emotion of warmth to the person meeting with such as • hey, hello, hi, etc. • For example: • Hey! Nice to see you here in the party. • Hello! I am Ali.
Interjections for Joy • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate immediate joy and happiness on any happy occasion occurred such as hurrah, wow, hurray, etc. • For example: • Wow! You are looking gorgeous. • Hurray! We successfully won this football match.
Interjections for Approval • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of approval or agreement for something that has happened such as well done, bravo, brilliant, etc. • For example: • Well done! You win the race. • Bravo! You have got the first position. • Interjections for Attention • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to draw attention of someone such as look, behold, listen, hush, etc. • For example: • Look! You so arrogant. • Listen! I have never copied you. • Behold! Someone strange is there.
Interjections for Surprise • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of surprise about something that has happened such as ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh, etc. For example: • What! You failed. • Oh! Really you completed the task, I can't believe. • Ah! I got new job. • Interjections for Sorrow • This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the emotion of sadness about something unfortunate has happened such as alas, ouch, ah, oh, etc. For example: • Alas! He is no more. • Ouch! It's very paining.
Article • An article is a word used before a noun that indicates whether or not the reference is to a specific entity or entities or an unspecific one. • There are only three articles, a, anandthe. Aandan, the indefinite articles, are used to refer to a single and unspecified entity. • A is used with nouns that start with a consonant sound, as in a battery, while anis used with words that start with a vowelsound, as in an ink. • The, the definite article, refers to a specific entity or entities. • The single entity may also be made up of multiple individual entities, as in, for example, the class of 1999, the Hayyatians or the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). • Articles are also considered adjectives, because they add information about nouns.
