Instructor: Carol Jean Cox

1. Duel For North America Instructor: Carol Jean Cox

2. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • Indian Defense of Their Homelands • French & Indian War • Drawing The Color Line • Summary

3. Duel for North America The Thirteen Colonies in 1763

4. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • New France • Early French settlements on the St. Lawrence expanded from Great Lakes to mouth of Mississippi • Small/hearty pop - soldiers/explorers • north woods surrounding Great.Lakes • log forts/trading posts in wilderness • Population small yet unified by its Catholic religion/social structure • Exerted a strong military force

5. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • New France • 1608 Champlain - St. Lawrence River • Fort Frontenac, Quebec • Port Royal - Nova Scotia • 1642 Montreal • 1713 - French pop 25,000 Death of Wolfe (Library of Congress)

6. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • New France • Geography / poor soils & long winters • Politics - forced emigration of surplus urban labor from France • Indians - not threatened by settlements • compatible economic interests • Catholic religion promoted the conversion of Indians

7. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • Four Inter-colonial wars with the French • English colonies, though much more populous, less homogeneous & united • Wars largely as result of rivalries in Europe • The last clash erupted over French penetration into the Ohio Valley • King William's War (1689-97) • Queens Anne's War (1702-13) (indecisive) • King George's War (1744-48) FRENCH THREATED TO HEM IN WESTWARD-MOVING ENGLISH COLONISTS

8. Duel for North America • Indian Defense of Their Homelands • Diversity/Dispersion/Divided • totalitarianism - democratic • caste systems/egalitarian • warlike (Mohawks, Seminols), • monotheistic (Manitou - "great spirit”) polytheistic • urban (Pueblo of New Mexico) others rural • 500 languages • 50 languages families in North America • 3 languages groups in 13 colony territory • no constant interaction with other tribes

9. Duel for North America • Indian Defense of Their Homelands • New France and the Iroquois Nation • France’s Colonial Empire • The Powerful Iroquois Confederacy

10. Duel for North America • French & Indian War (1754-1763) • Fought between the French and English • Fighting over furs, North Atlantic Fishing control of the Ohio/Mississippi Valley and land claims of New York and Virginia • Extension of the Seven Year War (origin in Europe) • French used Indians against the British & colonists • British fleet sent over to fight the war • Most American English Colonists don't care about the war • some send colonial militia - some don't

11. Duel for North America • French & Indian War (1754-1763) • British triumphed despite lukewarm assistance & sabotage from the some English colonials • Outcome of war • expulsion of French from Canada • England won Ohio Valley, Northwest Territory & Canada • widened rift between English Colonies & Mother country !! • Indians were the biggest losers • Established English Control of the North American Eastern Seaboard

12. Duel for North America 1763

13. Duel for North America • Drawing The Color Line (Blacks) • 1619 1st Blacks to Jamestown as indentured servants • 1650 restrictive laws began - limiting blacks to servants only and later to slavery • runaway problems of white servants & Indians • 1670 Virginian law - servants for life/offspring too • 1775 500,000 slaves • Vulnerability of Disunity color difference = control

14. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • Indian Defense of Their Homelands • French & Indian War • Drawing The Color Line • Summary

15. Duel for North America Summary • The Struggle for the Continent • The Great War for the Empire • Peace of Paris • Colonists are Apathetic • British Resentment • Disastrous Consequences for Native Americans • Blacks remain enslaved

16. Duel for North America Summary • The New Imperialism • Burdens of Empire • Britain’s Staggering War Debt • George III • George Grenville "A wise government knows how to enforce with temper, or to conciliate with dignity“ - George Grenville

17. Duel for North America Summary • The New Imperialism • The British and the Tribes • Failure of the Proclamation of 1763 

18. Duel for North America Summary • The New Imperialism • Battles over Trade and Taxes • Sugar, Stamp, and Currency Acts • Persistent Colonial Grievances The Thirteen Colonies in 1763

19. Duel for North America Summary • Stirrings of Revolt • “Virginia Resolves” “Resolved therefore, That the general assembly of the colony, together with his majesty or his substitute have in their representative capacity the only exclusive right and power to levy taxes and impositions on the inhabitants of this colony…” - The Virginia Resolves

20. Duel for North America • The English/French Struggle • Indian Defense of Their Homelands • French & Indian War • Drawing The Color Line • Summary • Struggle for the continent • British Imperialism • Stirrings of a revolt

21. Duel For North America Instructor: Carol Jean Cox