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11/2/2019

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) . Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Science and Applications. Biogeochemical Indicators. Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida. Instructor K. Ramesh Reddy krr@ufl.edu. 11/2/2019. 1.

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11/2/2019

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  1. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Biogeochemistry of Wetlands Science and Applications Biogeochemical Indicators Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Instructor K. Ramesh Reddy krr@ufl.edu 11/2/2019 WBL 1 11/2/2019 WBL 1

  2. Topic Outline Introduction Concept of indicators Guidelines for Indicator Development Levels of Indicators Sampling protocol an design Data analysis Biogeochemical Indicators WBL

  3. Biogeochemical Indicators- Nutrient Impacts/Recovery • What physical, chemical, and biological properties are affected by nutrient impacts? • What biogeochemical processes are affected by nutrient loading to wetlands? • What biogeochemical indicators or endpoints can be measured to determine nutrient impacts/recovery of wetlands? • Is there a sufficient range of values for biogeochemical indicators so that they may serve as sensitive indicators of nutrient impact/recovery? • Does the distribution and central tendency of biogeochemical indicators discriminate between natural spatial variability and anthropogenic impact in wetlands? WBL

  4. Guidelines for Indicator Development • Conceptual Relevance: Is the indicator relevant to the assessment question (management concern) and to the ecological resource or function at risk? • Feasibility of Implementation: Are the methods for sampling and measuring the environmental variables technically feasible, appropriate, and efficient for use in a monitoring program? • Response Variability: Are human errors of measurements and natural variability over time and space sufficiently understood and documented? • Interpretation and Utility: Will the indicator convey information on ecological conditions that is meaningful to environmental decision-making? (Jackson et al., 2000, USEPA). WBL

  5. Nutrient Cycling in Soil and Water Column Emergent macrophyte Submerged Periphyton macrophyte Water Soil C N P Bioavailable nutrients S WBL

  6. Nutrient Impacts on Detritus, Soil, and Water Impacted Unimpacted Hours to Days Hours to Days Water < 2 years < 2 years Detritus < 50-100 years < 10-15 years 0-10 cm > 50-100 years >10- 15 years 10-30 cm WBL

  7. Nutrient Impacts in Wetlands External Nutrient Load Periphyton Vegetation Water Internal Nutrient Load Detritus 0-10 cm Microbial/Chemical Processes 10-30 cm WBL

  8. Biogeochemical Indicators Cost Sensitivity Spatial Resolution Response Time Micro Macro Scale of measurement of a Process or an Indicator, and it’s influence on cost and response time WBL

  9. Biogeochemical Processes/Indicators Nutrient load Hydrology Sediment load Soil-Water Column Biogeochemical Process Spatial/ Stressors/ Temporal Regulators Biogeochemical Patterns Indicator [Endpoint] Ecological Function Algae/ Vegetation Microbial Fish Diversity Diversity WBL

  10. Biogeochemical Indicators The indicators can be measured at three levels: Level I - low cost, easily measurable, and less sensitive. Level II - medium cost, moderate complexity, and moderately sensitive. Level III - high cost, very complex, and highly sensitive. WBL

  11. Biogeochemical Indicators Level I - Indicators Water column: Causal variable Detritus/Soil: Response andCausal variables Level II – Indicators Water, detritus, and Soil: Response variables Level III – Indicators Water, detritus, and Soil: Response variables WBL

  12. Dissolved oxygen Bioavailable nutrients Ammonium N; nitrate N; dissolved reactive P; dissolved total P Total phosphorus and nitrogen Chemical composition of periphyton Total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon Carbon-nitrogen ratios Carbon-phosphorus ratio pH Suspended solids Conductivity Salinity Turbidity Alkalinity Color Biochemical oxygen demand Water depth Hardness Conservative tracers Level - I Water Column WBL

  13. Floc depth Bulk density Soil pH Soil redox potential Extractable nutrients (HCl and Mehlich III) Extractable ammonium Loss on ignition (LOI) Total P, N, and S C:N:P:S ratios Extractable metals Level - I Soil and Detrital/floc Layers WBL

  14. Level - II Water Column • Primary productivity • Heterotrophic respiration • Extracellular enzyme activity • Species composition of periphyton • Diel pH and dissolved oxygen • Biological nitrogen fixation WBL

  15. Microbial biomass C,N,P, and S Enzyme activities Soil porewater nutrients Soil phosphorus forms Organic nitrogen Organic and inorganic sulfur Single point phosphate isotherm Extractable metals Total mercury Pesticides Soil mineralogical composition Level - II Soil and Detrital/floc Layers WBL

  16. Soil oxygen demand Soil-water nutrient exchange rates Organic matter accretion rates Equilibrium P concentration (EPCo) Phosphorus partition coefficients Detrital decomposition rates Potentially mineralizable P, N, and S Nitrification, and denitrification Iron and sulfate reduction Methyl mercury Methanogenesis Microbial respiration Level - II Soil and Detrital/floc Layers WBL

  17. Level - III Water Column • Microbial diversity • Cellular fatty acids • rRNA sequence analysis WBL

  18. Level - III Soil and detrital layer • Substrate Induced: • Microbial respiration • Organic nitrogen mineralization • Organic phosphorus mineralization • Microbial diversity • Cellular fatty acids • rRNA sequence analysis • Phosphate sorption isotherms • Equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPCo) • Phosphorus sorption coefficients • Mineralogical composition • Stability of phosphate precipitates and minerals • Stable isotopes • Organic P and C characterization (NMR) WBL

  19. Linkage between Level – I Indicators and Nutrient Load Level - I Response Variable Nutrient Load Causal Variable WBL

  20. Linkage between Level – I and Level – II Indicators Level - II Response Variable Level - I Causal Variable WBL

  21. Linkage between Level – II and Level – III Indicators Level - III Response Variable Level - II Causal Variable WBL

  22. STA Primary Data Monitor Performance Indicators Evaluation Level I Analyze Identify Data Indicators Level II Hydro - Biogeochemical/ Model Statistical Models Parameters Data Analysis WBL

  23. Indicator Evaluation ? • Complementary Indicators • Ratio of impacted site relative to reference site • Comparison of sensitivity, time and effort WBL

  24. 2 1 0 -1 -2 Nutrient Impact Index Impacted Site [IS] Reference Site [RS] Impact Index: log [IS/RS] Background level Distance from inflow WBL

  25. Impact Index 1 Severe impact 0.5 Moderate impact Impact Index: log [IS/RS] 0 No Impact- background condition Moderate impact -0.5 Severe impact -1 WBL

  26. Total Phosphorus in WCA-2A soils (0-10 cm) 1990 1998 WBL

  27. Extracellular Enzymes [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Enzymes Detrital Soil layer 0-10 cm] B-D-Glucosidase 0.56 0.40 Protease 0.16 0.07 Alkaline Phosphatase -0.70 -0.37 Arylsulfatase -0.10 -0.12 Phenol Oxidase 0.19 0.16 WBL

  28. Organic Matter Decomposition [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] Respiration Aerobic 0.21 0.23 Anaerobic 0.41 0.28 MBC 0.33 0.11 MBC/TOC 0.30 0.15 MBC = Microbial biomass carbon WBL

  29. Nitrogen Transformations [Water Conservation Area-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] PMN 0.40 0.25 SINM (Alanine) 0.62 0.45 MBN 0.23 0.12 SINM/MBN 0.39 0.33 Nitrification 0.17 0.20 Denitrification 0.31 0.31 N2 fixation 1.0 SINM = Substrate induced nitrogen mineralization MBN = Microbial biomass nitrogen WBL

  30. Phosphorus Transformations [Site: WCA-2A] Impact Index = log [IS/RS] Process/ Detrital Soil Indicator layer [0-10 cm] PMP 0.85 -0.03 SIPM (G-6-P) 0.08 -0.41 MBP 0.33 0.17 SIPM/MBP -0.28 -0.48 C/P ratio -0.51 -0.51 Labile Pi 1.07 0.52 PMP = Potentially mineralizable P; SIPM = substrate induced P mineralization MBP = microbial biomass P WBL

  31. Microbial Biomass N and PMN Floc- Total N and P Ratios 5000 200 MBN PMN 4000 150 3000 MBN (mg kg-1) PMN (mg kg-1 d-1) 2000 100 1000 50 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 Molar N:P ratio Molar N:P ratio WBL

  32. 500 30 400 20 300 PMP (mg kg-1 d-1) MBP (mg kg-1) 10 200 100 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 Molar N:P ratio Molar N:P ratio Microbial Biomass P and PMP Floc- Total N and P Ratios PMP MBP WBL

  33. Impact Index – Detritus/Floc- WCA-2a 1 Microbial Populations [ 1.7 -2.1] N2 fixation, PMP, Labile Pi High impact B-D-Glucosidase 0.5 Microbial Respiration, MBC, MBP, PMN, SINM, TP, and TPi Moderate impact Protease, MBN, Phenol Oxidase, nitrification, Denitrification Impact Index: log [IS/RS] Arylsulfatase, TC, TN 0 No Impact- background condition Moderate impact -0.5 Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, C/P ratio, N/P Ratio High impact -1 WBL

  34. Data Analysis and Synthesis • Descriptive statistics to define frequency distribution and central tendency of biogeochemical indicators • Multivariate analyses to evaluate relationships between biogeochemical indicators and ecological condition • Geostatistical analyses to evaluate spatial patterns and spatial structure of biogeochemical indicators • Predictive modeling to forecast evolution of biogeochemical indicators and ecological integrity WBL

  35. Site F1 F4 U3 Stepwise Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Abiotic Indicators: Everglades –WCA-2a 10 8 6 4 2 Canonicla Variate 1 (u1) 0 -2 -4 -6 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Canonical Variate 2 (u2) WBL

  36. Site F1 F4 U3 Stepwise Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Biotic Indicators: Everglades –WCA-2a 4 3 2 1 0 Canonical Variate 1 (u1) -1 -2 -3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Canonical Variate 2 (u2) WBL

  37. Biogeochemical Indicators ParadigmKey Challenges • Simultaneous measurements of “processes” and ‘indicators” at various spatial and temporal scales • Integration of these measurements across scales using statistical and process models WBL

  38. Minimum Data – Level I • Water column: • Water depth • Total Nitrogen • Total Phosphorus • Detritus/Floc: • Total carbon, • Total nitrogen • Total phosphorus • Soil: • Bulk density • Organic matter content, • Total carbon, • Total nitrogen, • Total phosphorus, • Extractable nitrogen, • Extractable phosphorus (Mehlich –1 and 3) • Extractable Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and K 00- cm Detrital Floc 0- cm Soil 10 cm WBL

  39. Soil Sampling in 2003 Floc/detritus 0-10 cm 10-20 cm Stratified random sampling design Total number of sampling sites (n): 1,349 (+~10% replicates) WBL

  40. Biogeochemical Indicators Summary • Indicators may reflect biological, chemical, or physical attributes that can be used to characterize current status or to predict impact or change. • Such indicators of wetland ecosystem integrity should be sensitive, reliable, accurate, rapid, and inexpensive. • Indicators should be clearly understood and accepted by scientists, environmental managers, and policy makers. • Indicator levels in accessing impact to wetland ecosystem may be based on the ease of measurement and the ability to respond to change. • Level I indicators are easily measurable whereas level II and III indicators provide more scientifi c rigor and are used to support easily measurable indicators WBL

  41. Biogeochemical Indicators Summary • Wetland can exhibit a high degree of spatial heterogeneity; thus, the sampling protocol should aim to capture the underlying spatial variability of wetland indicators. • The selection of indicator variable, sampling design, data collection, and statistical/geostatistical methods to analyze dataset is linked. • Before using any selected biogeochemical indicator, a sampling design must be established that represents unimpacted and impacted portions of the wetland to assess early warning signals of decline in ecosystem health. • Each sampling protocol, if possible, should compare environmental conditions to a reference or control site. WBL

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