The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

1. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Ch 22.3

2. Enlightenment ideas were most intense in the mansions of wealthy women of Paris. The regular social gatherings they had were called salons. Here they would discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances • Denis Diderot imagined a large set of books where leading scholars of Europe would contribute essays. • At this time the Catholic Church and the French government spoke out against the Enlightenment and Diderot's ideas. The World of Ideas

3. Eventually Diderot’s Encyclopedia was put to print.

4. With the Encyclopedia and salons, Enlightenment ideas about government and equality began to spread and attracted the attention of the growing middle class • This class could buy books and support artists and in effect had a growing influence on European culture in the 1700’s The World of Ideas

5. In the 1600s and the early 1700s European art was dominated by the baroque- grand, ornate style. • But with the Enlightenment this style began to change • Artists and architects worked in a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome. This is known as the neoclassical (“new classical”) of the late 1700s. Art and Literature in the Age of Reason

6. In music the style of this period is known as classical • Three of the greatest figures of the classical period in music are: Art and Literature in the Age of Reason

7. Franz Joseph Haydn- developed new classical forms such as sonata and symphony

8. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- began composing at age 5 and at 12 wrote his first opera. Only lived to age 35 but wrote more than 600 musical works

9. Ludwig van Beethoven- began with a classical style but later began new trends which carried music into the Age of Romanticism

10. New styles of literature arose. • European authors began writing novels which were popular with the middle-class audience who liked the entertaining stories written in everyday language Art and Literature in the Age of Reason

11. The Enlightenment philosophers also tried to convince monarchs to rule justly • Monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected this Enlightenment spirit were known as enlightened despots. (Despot is an absolute ruler) • Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria and Catherine the Great of Russia were three of the forefront. Enlightenment and Monarchy

12. Frederick II of Prussia • “I must enlighten my people, cultivate their manners and morals, and make them as happy as human beings can be, or as happy as the means at my disposal permit.” • He also reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture Enlightenment and Monarchy

13. Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria • Joseph II was the most radical royal reformer • He introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press and supported freedom of worship Enlightenment and Monarchy

14. Catherine the Great of Russia • Was most admired by the philosophers • She recommended allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture and capital punishment • In 1773 there was a massive uprising by the serfs and with great brutality Catherine’s army crushed the rebellion Enlightenment and Monarchy

15. Originally Catherine favored ending serfdom but after this revolt she wanted the support of the nobles and gave the nobles absolute power over the serfs. • She sought access to the Black Sea and the overall expansion of Russia. • By the end of her reign, Catherine had vastly enlarged the Russian empire leading its way to an international power.