EVSE Installation Challenges: An Industry Perspective

1. EVSE Installation Challenges: An Industry Perspective Enid Joffe Clean Fuel Connection, Inc. August 6, 2010

2. Clean Fuel Connection--CFCI • In EVSE business for 14 years • Grew out of Edison International subsidiary • Sold and installed over 7500 chargers • Installation partner for MINI E program • Woman-owned • Electrical contractor • EV fleet for past 8 years

3. The Customer Infrastructure Experience--The Goal • To the extent possible, mirror the current consumer car buying experience—impulsive, ego-driven. • Ideally should be able to: • Drive vehicle home on day of purchase and charge • Confidently drive beyond 50% of battery range knowing that recharging opportunities are readily available • Be able to travel beyond typical daily route and know there are chargers along the way

4. The Customer Infrastructure Experience—The Reality • None of this will be possible when PEVs are released later this year • So how do ensure positive early customer experience? • Need short term solutions to create positive experience for early buyers • Need long term solutions to achieve customer experience objectives • What are the barriers and how do we address them?

5. Single Family Residential EVSE Experience • Today—30 to 45 days installation time in CA • Includes site visit, estimate, permit, install, inspection, etc. • Actual install time approx. 4 hours • Pulling permit in person 2 to 4 hours (except LA which has on-line permitting) • Inspection window--4 hours • Barriers: • Multiple stakeholders, multiple hand-offs can create multiple delays • Permit/inspection—local AHJ budget cuts • Panel capacity • Customer education--previous buyers were a carefully screened and selective group; mass market customer EVSE installation profile is unknown • Special meter installations • Cost of installation • Lack of vendor-neutral, customer-friendly tools (think solar calculators) • No garage (ie., urban environments, coastal areas)

6. Single Family Residential EVSE Experience • Solutions: Short term • Pre-purchase inspections and installations • Install circuit only • Solutions—long term • Subpanel in lieu of panel upgrade • Explore using EVSE to measure kWh consumption for billing purposes • Separate EVSE from vehicle purchase—pre-or post- purchase • Streamlined permitting—on-line permit, pre-inspection activation (ie., NYC, LADWP) universal permit application (NREL/US Car Project) • Plug-in EVSE • New construction requirements

7. Multi-Family/Condo Residential EVSE Experience • Barriers: • Parking tied to individual units • Residential panel, utility meter and parking not co-located • Small panel size—as low as 30 amp • Dual meter adapters/time of use meters not feasible due to meter configuration • High cost of installation (Examples: Santa Monica, San Francisco) • Landlord tenant relationship—how is cost of electricity purchased • Condo/co-op associations (lengthy approval process) • Lengthier permit process (weeks or months)—plan check • Cost impacts due to blocked utility rates

8. Multi-Family/Condo Residential EVSE Experience • Solutions—short term • House meter installation • Guest parking installation • EVSE with billing capability • Pre-purchase inspections and installations (a must!) • Curb-side charging by permit; parking meter/charger • Residential charging in public garages (ie., NYC) • Solutions—long term • Sub-metering • New utility service (Code change required?) • New construction requirements • PEV Owner Bill of Rights (similar to Solar Bill of Rights) • Valet parking with fast charge

9. Public Charging EVSE Experience • How much public charging is enough? • Barriers: • Range anxiety is real • No data-driven basis for assessing need for public charging and impact on PEV sales • No data-driven basis for selecting charging locations (last mile, range-extension, frequented locations, along major corridors, predictable locations) • Demand for public charging over time is unknown • Concerns re on-peak demand—no data on charging behavior if residential only vs. public and workplace • Pricing signals—do we need them? Will they work? How does it change behavior? • Business case for public charging

10. Public Charging EVSE Experience • Solutions—short term • DOE/CEC funded projects will provide data on public charging behavior • Research on trade-off between on-peak public charging and increase in off-peak residential load (i.e, does availability of on-peak public charging increase PEV sales and residential off-peak load enough to mitigate negative impact of public charging) • Pricing signals • Solutions—long term • Data-driven answers re driver preferences • Evolution of Fast charging • Research on optimal mix of public, workplace and residential charging • Market forces—as private investment increases, ROI will determine locations

11. Workplace Charging EVSE Experience • Workplace charging continues to be weak link in EVSE framework • Barriers: • Unknown demand—employers don’t know what to expect • Equity issues—charging benefits small number of employees • Cost—workplace costs high for many parking configurations • Work-place is by definition on-peak; will it reduce off-peak residential demand • Workplace ownership issues complex—ie., leased facilities • Payment for charging

12. Workplace Charging EVSE Experience • Solutions—short term • Tie workplace charging to corporate GHG reduction goals • Provide employer incentive i.e, for VMT or ridership goals (SCAQMD model) • Explore corporate fleet lease/rental options (ie., Enterprise) • Solutions—long term • Develop ROI models—ie., GHG reduction, employee satisfaction • Explore cost savings models potential vis a vis other fleet cars or corporate rentals • Document impact on employee charging behavior

13. Other Near Term Infrastructure Issues • Disabled Access • Signage • Curbside charging and payment • Plug vs. hardwired EVSE • Drivers without garages • Use of reserved street-side parking • Designated residential charging spaces in public or private parking lots • Public Education--how do we help consumers evaluate their options (prior to vehicle commitment)

14. What Are We Doing To Address These Issues and Create a Positive Experience for the PEV Driver? • State Effort • Collaborative Council (ARB, CEC, CPUC, UC Davis and industry stakeholders) • Regional efforts • Bay Area EV Corridor Project • San Diego Coalition • Ready, Set Charge! • Submitted Plan to CEC for 6 Statewide Coalitions to support regional efforts already underway • Local Efforts • Workshops with Building Officials in No. CA • ICC effort to educate membership • Ready, Set Charge! template for local PEV readiness • Riverside is the pilot site

15. Conclusion • Current Status: • A lot of energy and activity around PEV and the beginnings of a statewide plan • We will not have many of the issues resolved by rollout but are trying to establish short-term solutions • Long-term solutions are complex (ie., getting uniformity among local jurisdictions) and some years out

16. Thank You!Enid Joffeenidjoffe@cleanfuelconnection.com