Science FCAT Review

1. Science FCAT Review Produced by LAJH Science Teachers

2. Vocabulary Associated withLiving vs Nonliving Nonliving Abiotic ____________ Never was alive __________ Never will be alive ______________ Rocks Living _________ Organic _____________ Is alive ___________ made of cells plants Biotic Inorganic Was alive (dead) Isn'talive Will be alive Not made of cells

3. Characteristics of Life Living things (organisms) ________________ ___________ Use __________ _________ to their environment ____________ Cells Systems Living things need An _______ source _____ __________ The right environment Right amount of space ***Not all living things need oxygen, etc*** Grow and Develop Energy Reproduce Water Energy Place to live Respond Organized Green Rhinos Eat Rotten Oranges Causing Sickness

4. Characteristics of Life: Essential Question While walking the beach you discover a jelly-like substance, what several characteristics would you look for to determine whether or not it is an organism? Answer: You should look for evidence of Organization: Is the object made of a cell or multiple cells? Look for clues that it can Respond: Is the object equipped to respond to changes in their environment? Does the object use Energy? Does it appear to have a way to consume food or produce its own food by photosynthesis? Can the object Grow and Develop? Does the object have a means of Reproduction?

5. How do humans compare Grow & Develop Reproduce Use _________ Respond to their environment __________ Cells Systems Fertilized egg, baby, toddler, teen, adult Sexually reproduce to make babies (offspring) Heterotroph- eat things Sweat when hot…etc Multicellular - specialized Cells make tissues which make organs which work together in systems to make the organism survive. Energy Organized Green Rhinos Eat Rotten Oranges Causing Sickness

6. Abiotic Factors Biotic means “living.” In the word abiotic the prefix a means “not” Thus, the vocabulary word abiotic means “non living.”

7. Life Lines: Abiotic Factors Air The gases Nitrogen and Oxygen make up the vast majority of our atmosphere and provide the substances needed to sustain life. Water Major component of cells within all organisms. Soil Soil supports plant growth. Sunlight Light energy supports almost all life on earth

8. Life Lines: Abiotic Factors(continued) Temperature Many organisms require 0 – 50 degrees Celsius to maintain healthy body temperatures. Latitudes further from the equator (central location on the planet) tend to have colder temps than the latitudes closest to the equator. Climate Refers to an areas average weather conditions over time, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.

9. Essential Question • A sunflower requires a significant amount of sunlight, water, and soil to grow. If a large number of sunflower seeds are planted around a large tree, all of the seedlings will not grow to the same size plant. Explain why plants farthest from the tree branches will be taller, greener, and healthier than the plants closer to the tree? • Answer: The sunflowers farthest away from the tree are able to absorb enough sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. This allows them to make and store glucose in the photosynthesis process. The sunflowers can then break down the glucose during cellularrespiration to get energy to make new cells for growth and maintenance. Those sunflowers growing closest to the tree are in the shade and are therefore limited in their ability to carry out photosynthesis and respiration that may cause these plants to die.

10. Essential Question • In the summer of 2005, the St. Johns River experienced an algal bloom. Describe the abiotic factors that caused the bloom and its effects on the abiotic and biotic factors in the river. ER • Answer: Abiotic factors involved in the bloom include increased water and air temperature (higher than normal temperatures), increased sunlight (summer), and increased available nutrients, particularly nitrogen, from fertilizer runoff. The bloom resulted in less available sunlight (algae blocked sunlight from water below), less available oxygen in the water (bacteria decomposers use up the oxygen and warm water does not hold as much oxygen), and toxins released into the air and water (abiotic factors) by the algae organisms. This resulted in stress, illness, and death to multiple freshwater and saltwater organisms in the river and those preying on those organisms. A complete answer will need to include two triggering abiotic factors (fertilizer is required) and at least on abiotic effect and one biotic effect.

11. The Cycle’s of Nature The Water Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Carbon Cycle

12. The Water Cycle Groundwater Evaporation When liquid water turns to a gas an enters the atmosphere. Transpiration Water vapor enters the atmosphere from plant leaves, also from animals during exhalation and excretion. Condensation The process in which water vapor (gas) turns back into a liquid. This process involves molecules collecting on particulate matter and clumping together to form clouds!! Precipitation The change of temperature due to increased altitude will cause particulate matter to become dense and drop moisture in the form of snow, sleet, hail, rain.

15. Essential Question • Explain the role of the soybean in the nitrogen, water, and carbon cycles. ER • Answer: Soybeans function in the nitrogen cycle by harboring nitrogen-fixing bacteria that make nitrogen in the atmosphere available in the soil to the individual soybean plant as well as nearby plants. Soybean plants function in the water cycle when they draw water from the soil into their root systems and release it into the atmosphere during respiration and transpiration. Soybean plants function in the carbon cycle by taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis.

16. Energy transfer in a community Light energy is converted into usable chemical energy within producers (plants) those plants are eaten by consumers, the energy transfer gets smaller (10% of available energy value)as one consumer is eaten by another. Successful energy transfer within an ecosystem typically occurs between 3-5 organisms, further predation results in insufficient energy consumption. Which results in more consumption to fill energy void.

17. Energy Pyramids As you move through the pyramid from bottom to top, you can notice that the energy transfer becomes less efficient.

18. Essential Question • Use your knowledge of food chains and the energy pyramid to explain why the number of mice in a grassland ecosystem is greater than the number of hawks. • Answer: Hawks eat mice. To support the hawk population, there must be far more energy at the mouse level than at the hawk level. Since mice are much smaller than hawks, there must be many more mice than hawks.

19. Resources Resources • Natural resources • All living things depend on natural resources to survive • Some resources are renewable, while others like petroleum are not. • Renewable Natural resources include: • sunlight, water, air, and crops. • Nonrenewable Resources include: • Minerals, Metals, and Petroleum • Natural resources • All living things depend on natural resources to survive • Some resources are renewable, while others like petroleum are not. • Renewable Natural resources include: • sunlight, water, air, and crops. • Nonrenewable Resources include: • Minerals, Metals, and Petroleum

20. Abiotic Factors in the environment include: Air Water Soil Sunlight Temperature Climate Let's Review!

21. Types of Pollution Air Pollution – vehicles, volcanoes, forest fires and wind blown dust & sand Acid rain precipitation- this type of rain washes nutrients from the soil which harms plants Indoor air pollution- pollutants such as pet dander and mold can build up inside of buildings Water Pollution- agriculture run off of fertilizers the number one killer of aquatic ecosystems (I.e. Manure, Fertilizer, Pesticides) Soil Pollution-acid rain, household product like laundry detergents, pesticides, hundreds of thousands of other culprits Soil Loss –wind and rain and other natural phenomena contribute to soil erosion.

22. Pollution accelerating global warming

23. Essential Question • How might humans contribute to the greenhouse effect by cutting down a large percentage of the Earth’s forests? • Answer: Trees take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is the result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Cutting large amounts of trees would result in fewer trees to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere while not decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide going into the air. This would result in an overall increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thus making the greenhouse effect worse. Additional information about global warming may be included.

24. The 3 R’s of Conservation • Reduce- • Reduce your use of natural resources. Car pooling or using public transportation will reduce your personal use of petroleum. Opting to bring cloth bags to the super market instead of using plastic or paper bags. • What are some other ways we can reduce our consumption of natural resources?

25. The 3 R’s of Conservation • Reuse • Another way to help conserve natural resource is to reuse items from previous purchases. • Reusing means to use over without changing or reprocessing the item. • Donating clothes to charity is a great way to help other reuse clothes that you have outgrown.

26. The 3 R’s of Conservation • Recycle • This requires the changing or reprocessing of item or a natural resource. • Recyclable materials include: • Plastic • Metals • Glass • Paper • Compost

27. Interactions of Life

28. Ecosystems Also called abioticfactors Also called bioticfactors

29. Levels in an Ecosystem 1._________ Habitat Forest 2.___________ Community Deer + rabbits Pine trees + bears 3. ____________ Population Herd of deer Organism A deer 4. _____________

30. Essential Question Write about your own life using the terms habitat, community, populations, and ecosystem to describe your environment.

31. Levels in an Ecosystem 1. Habitat- LAJH 2.Community 7th and 8th graders, teachers, custodians, administrators 3.Population 8th graders 4. Organism You

32. Feeding relationships Tertiary consumer ________________ Eats the secondary consumer ___________________ Eats the primary consumer Secondary consumer ________________ Eats the plants or algae Primary consumer Producer _________________ Make their own food Through energy from the sun Plants, algae, phytoplankton

33. Types of Consumers Wolf Egret (bird) Cow Deer Florida Black bear Eats both plants and meat Bacteria, Fungi Earthworms Breaks down Dead material

34. Food Webs SC= secondary consumer TC= tertiary consumer P= producer PC= primary consumer TC TC SC PC PC PC P P P

35. Food Webs • Arrows show the direction energy flows • Any change in one organism’s population will result in a change to all other organisms populations.

36. How populations change

37. Essential Question Kudzu is a non-native, invasive plant species. Explain how introducing it to the Florida ecosystem has affected the populations of native species.

38. Answer Populations may change their food source Populations may leave an area to find food which could cause over crowding in another area Consumer populations may decrease as food source becomes limited Kudzu covers the native plants so they cannot get sunlight to make food http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/deciduous/decweb.html

39. Symbiosis

40. Essential Question Describe a symbiotic relationship between two organisms. Identify the relationship as one of the following: mutualism, commensalism or parasitism and how the relationship affects each organism.

41. Examples of Symbiotic Relationships • A humming bird drinking pollen, as the hummingbird flies from flower to flower the pollen from one flower is deposited to another flower. • _________________________________________ • The fleas on a dog are provided with a home and food (blood), while the dog’s skin is irritated, inflamed and made itchy by the flea bite. • _________________________________________ Mutualism Parasitism

42. Examples of Symbiotic Relationships • The Cattle Egret looks for food in pastures and fields among cattle and horses.It feeds on the insects stirred up by the movement of the grazing animals. The egrets benefit by having an easier time getting food, but for the cows and horses there is no benefit. • ______________________________________ • Humans give carbon dioxide to the plants while the plants gives oxygen to the humans and animals. • ______________________________________ Commensalism Mutualism

43. Photosynthesis Occurs only in organisms that contain chlorophyll (Plants and some protists) The process of using sunlight and carbon dioxide to create sugar Happens in the chloroplasts of plants. Respiration Occurs in all living cells, inside the Mitochondrion The process of breaking down sugar to produce energy Requires oxygen for the process to take place Also produces water and carbon dioxide in the process Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

44. Why is it important for cells to reproduce? Cells need to reproduce for three reasons Growth Repair damaged cells Replace dying cells The Cell Cycle is the process cells use to reproduce. The Cell Cycle

45. Parts of the Cell Cycle • Interphase: when the cell doubles in size and DNA is duplicated. • Why? • Mitosis: when two new nuclei are formed inside the cell • Why? • Cytokinesis: When the cell’s cytoplasm splits and two new cells are formed. • Why? • What happens next?

46. Animation Movie

47. Mitosis is the division of a cell’s nucleus. However, sometimes scientists refer to the entire cell cycle as mitosis. Some cells do not go through mitosis, or only go through it on rare occasions. Example, red blood cells and neurons Some cells, such as skin cells go through the cell cycle your entire life. Things to Remember about the Cell Cycle

48. Essential Question Mitosis is the process by which we grow, repair our body, and replace dead cells. During periods of rapid growth (childhood and puberty) the cell cycle goes quickly. When we injure our bodies, our cells are damaged. The cells must be replaced by new cells. Although some cells, such as neurons can last many many years, most cells die much sooner and must be constantly replaced. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Describe several ways that mitosis is an important and beneficial life process in humans and other organisms.

49. What’s the connection? • What did we start out with in the cell cycle? • What did we end up with? • This means the cell cycle is a type of ______________________. ONE CELL TWO CELLS Asexual Reproduction

50. Asexual Reproduction 1 Budding Cuttings Binary Fission Only takes _______ parent The offspring has identical DNA as the parent Other Examples: _________ (like a hydra) _________ (like plants) _____________(bacteria and protists)