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Technology Considerations

for Developing a Digitization Workflow Strategy. Technology Considerations. Session Goal. Workshop participants will understand the technology issues involved in converting, storing, and maintaining analog materials in digital format. Session Objectives.

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Technology Considerations

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  1. for Developing a Digitization Workflow Strategy Technology Considerations Digital Imaging Workshop

  2. Session Goal Workshop participants will understand the technology issues involved in converting, storing, and maintaining analog materials in digital format. Digital Imaging Workshop

  3. Session Objectives • Overview the 6 Stages of the Digitization Chain • In-depth discussion abouteach stage of the Digitization Chain • Review Issues involvedin establishing a technology process in your digitization workflow • Group Exercise Digital Imaging Workshop

  4. Learner Outcomes • Be able to Identify the 6 stages of the Digitization Chain • Understand at least 3 elements of each stage of the Digitization Process • By the end of the session, be able to Assign appropriateIT, staff, and resources to your digitization workflow Digital Imaging Workshop

  5. THE FULL DIGITIZATION CHAIN Benchmarking Scanning • capture • file formatting • compression • metadata creation • quality control • authentication • quality benchmarks • dimensions of document and • its significant detail(s) • other document attributes • quality index formulas height source document detail width File Management Networking • servers • protocols • authorization • scalable • architecture • storage and backup • scaling for access (derivatives) • error detection and correction • migration Display Printing • decompression • integration with • image browser • magnification • decompression • page language • interpretation • dithering • scaling reformatted document Digital Imaging Workshop

  6. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage OneBenchmarking > quality benchmarks Benchmarking • Main factors are: • Color depth • (1-bit) bitonal, (8-bit) or (16-bit) grayscale, or (24-bit) full color • Resolution • Higher resolution = higher file size • Compression • More compression = more lost information • Purpose or use of digital images • Deciding whether you are digitizing for presentation or archival purposes • quality benchmarks • dimensions of document and • its significant detail(s) • other document attributes • quality index formulas height source document width detail Digital Imaging Workshop

  7. What does CUL recommend? Digital Imaging Workshop

  8. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > image capture Scanning • Scanners • Drum Scanner • 35mm Slide Scanner • Flat-bed scanner • Digital Cameras • capture • file formatting • compression • metadata creation • quality control • authentication Canon EOS 30D Digital Camera Epson Expression 10000XL Flat-bed scanner High-end Howtek, Inc. Drum Scanner 35mm Nikon Slide scanner Digital Imaging Workshop

  9. What can you do with the scanner? • Image Capture • Scan paper-based materials up to 17.2” X 12.2” • Scan transparencies & film-based materials using the Transparency Unit • Connect via USB & Firewire • Create scans up to 2400 Dpi Optical Resolution • 1 YR Limited Warranty • Scan using LaserSoft Imaging SilverFast Ai6 scanning software • Calibrate scanning software using a MonacoEZcolor with Reflective IT8 Target Digital Imaging Workshop

  10. What can you do with image editing software? • Adobe Photoshop CS3 • Make image enhancements such as sharpening, cropping, deskewing, descreening, and despeckling. Other adjustments are made here including contrast stretching using the histogram tool and minimal adjustments for tone and color. • Save Master Image File as a TIFF with no compression. • Create and Save derivative Access files with minimal compression. • Save in a lower resolution • Save as file type JPEG Digital Imaging Workshop

  11. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > file formats • Still Image* • GIF, JPEG, JPEG 2000, MrSID, TIFF, CAM RAW • Textual • PDF, XML, RTF, HTML, SGML, DOC Digital Imaging Workshop

  12. What does CUL recommend? • You might use up to four file formats • Save Preservation-quality images as TIFF version 6.0 files • Save Access-quality images as JPEG or JPEG 2000 files • Save derivative document files as PDF’s and transcripts as .TXT files • Save Master text files as XML or RTF Digital Imaging Workshop

  13. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > compression • Issues involved in deciding which compression algorithm to use: • File size • Quality of display image • Fixed or multi-resolution capability Digital Imaging Workshop

  14. What are we doing about compression? • Our recommendations are to use the following: • Lossless (LZW) compression for preservation-quality images • Lossy compression (JPEG) with a quality measurement of 6 on a scale of 1-10 for access-quality images Digital Imaging Workshop

  15. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > metadata creation • Metadata Creation • Manual or Automated • Types of metadata • File naming schemes, file directory structuring, (TIFF) file headers • Administrative • Descriptive • Structural • Metadata Schemes & Element Sets • Dublin Core, TEI and METS Digital Imaging Workshop

  16. How are we handling metadata? • Recommended file naming conventions • Administrative metadata spreadsheet • Dublin Core Metadata Element Set Digital Imaging Workshop

  17. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > quality control • Factors involved in image quality • Strategy based on project goals • Reference point • Scope and methods of your quality review • QC environment • System performance • Codify your procedures Digital Imaging Workshop

  18. How are we handling quality control? Through the use of a Quality Assessment Survey & guidelines Digital Imaging Workshop

  19. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage TwoScanning > authentication • What is authentication?* • System of verifying the identities of networked users, clients, and servers without transmitting passwords over the internet. Digital Imaging Workshop

  20. How are we handling authentication? firewall Digital Imaging Workshop

  21. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage ThreeFile Management > storage & backup File Management • Main features of a file storage/management system are: • Provides searching tools • Provides public and internal links to the images/metadata • Provides the control elements necessary for long-term and short-term access • storage and backup • scaling for access (derivatives) • error detection and correction • migration Digital Imaging Workshop

  22. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage ThreeFile Management > storage & backup • Main features of a file backup system are: • Provides protection from data loss or damage • Promotes sustainability for managing digital content over time • Part of a comprehensive digitization workflow strategy Digital Imaging Workshop

  23. How should you handle storage/backup? • What to do: • Save digital images/metatada onto CD-R’s/DVD’s • Involve your IT people in decision-making process • Determine your storage needs during selection and planning process • How many MB or GB storage will you need this year, next year, or in 5 years • Who, What, When, How will you move digital images from scanning workstation in Library across network to backup server? Digital Imaging Workshop

  24. How should you handle storage/backup? • CD-R’s/DVD’s can be used for storage • LOCKKS (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe) or Grid system Digital Imaging Workshop

  25. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage ThreeFile Management > scaling for access • Issues involved in scaling derivative files for access: • Speed delivery of digital images to users • Quality of presentation • Choice of file format Digital Imaging Workshop

  26. How are we handling scaling for access? Digital Imaging Workshop

  27. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage ThreeFile Management > error detection/correction • Where do errors occur in the digitization chain? • Cataloging • - Incorrect metadata input through manual entry • Image Capture • Poor document quality at image capture • Text recognition errors Digital Imaging Workshop

  28. How are we handling error detection/correction? • CUL recommends a quality control strategy involving: • Scheduled equipment calibration • Periodic review of images/metadata • Controlled scanning environment Digital Imaging Workshop

  29. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage ThreeFile Management > migration • Issues involved in File Migration: • Recognizing that digital imaging is not the final answer to your preservation needs • Digital images need to be migrated every (n) of years Digital Imaging Workshop

  30. How are we handling file migration in the project? • You need to decide at what level of frequency you will review your digital images for loss of data. • Use a checksum to determine the extent of data loss.

  31. How are we handling file management in the project? • File Folder management for your digital masters and derivatives Collection name or Topic (i.e. ad_white or historical_photographs) Tiffs Jpegs Preservation quality images and Access images (i.e. preservation folder and an access folder) Access image file (i.e. jpeg or gif as is displayed above) Digital Imaging Workshop

  32. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage FourNetworking > servers Networking • Issues involved in networks • User’s internet connection speed • Delivery of digital images • File formats • Compression • Scaling derivatives • servers • protocols • authorization • scalable • architecture Digital Imaging Workshop

  33. How are we handling our image server issues? • Project benchmarks for files types, compression, and scaling derivatives • Using CONTENTdm as our client/server content management solution • Images are uploaded via an Acquisition Station • Dublin Core, xml based • Integrates texts, images, audio, and video • Collaborative system • Extensible with customizable web interfaces • Custom Queries and Results (CQR) • My Favorites light box with online slide-show, compare, manipulate and save presentations for online or offline display Digital Imaging Workshop

  34. What can we say about the network environment in which you will be working? • Acquisition Station & CONTENTdm • Must Download and Install Acquisition Station on Workstation • Only 1 license per institution (but may request more under special circumstances) • May request logins/passwords for multiple users Digital Imaging Workshop

  35. What can we say about the network environment in which you will be working? • Scalable architecture • Image displays • Number of files that can be served up • Intuitive content management interface Digital Imaging Workshop

  36. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage FiveDisplay > decompression Display • Issues affecting display • Type of monitor (CRT vs LCD, SVGA, or XGA) • Refresh rate (75Hz, 85Hz, or higher) • Bit rate (18-bit for CRT’s, 24-bit for LCD’s, millions of colors for SXGA) • Monitor resolution is 72 dpi • decompression • integration with • image browser • magnification Digital Imaging Workshop

  37. How are we handling display? • Computer workstation features • Viewable size: 19” • Aspect ratio: horizontal dimension divided by vertical dimension – 5:4 • Contrast ration: measurement in the difference between whitest white and darkest black – 500:1 • Color depth: 16.2 Million colors • Refresh rate at max resolution: 75Hz Digital Imaging Workshop

  38. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage FiveDisplay > integration with image browser • Issues involved in image presentation using image browsers: • Limited raster file formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG • Need for specialized viewers, applets, or plug-ins • Network connection speed Digital Imaging Workshop

  39. How are we handling integration with image browsers? • Recommended file formats: • JPEG • PDF Digital Imaging Workshop

  40. 6 Stages of Digitization Chain: Stage SixPrinting • Decompression • How will different printers interpret the image pixels (standard desktop printers or large graphic plotters) • Page language • PostScript 4.3 (Adobe) • HP • Epson • Windows PRN • Interpretation • Dithering - • Scaling • Remember, images should be significantly larger in dpi for print than for monitor display, but this produces larger file sizes. Digital Imaging Workshop

  41. How are we handling printing? • Each institution should supply a color printer Digital Imaging Workshop

  42. Resources for Establishing a Manageable Workflow • Work with your IT department/work with your Library • Set up your equipment • Store your computer’s Ghost Image DVD in a safe location in case of a computer crash • Manage computer and file Security • Logins and passwords • Sample Workflow model from ASU Digital Imaging Workshop

  43. Resources for Establishing a Manageable Workflow • Calibrating your equipment [PDF]* • Basic Production Steps • Creating Compound Objects • Master/Access Image Tables • Naming your Digital Files • Quality Assessment Survey & Guidelines • Administrative Metadata Spreadsheet [MS Excel] • Installing the Acquisition Station & Loading your First Image *All files in Adobe PDF unless otherwise noted and located at: http://hbculibraries.org/html/programs.html Digital Imaging Workshop

  44. Group Exercise Instructions • Developing your digitization workflow plan • Define project and institutional goals/deliverables • Under each bulleted item list available technological resources/capabilities/persons responsible • Scanning • File management • Networking • Image display and delivery Digital Imaging Workshop

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