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Public Participation in the Definition of Monitoring in Transport Planning

Ex ante evaluations - preparing for eu 2014-2020 4th international evaluation conference  26-27 September, 2013 Budapest. Public Participation in the Definition of Monitoring in Transport Planning. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania ( Italy ) matig@dica.unict.it.

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Public Participation in the Definition of Monitoring in Transport Planning

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  1. Ex ante evaluations - preparing for eu 2014-2020 4th international evaluation conference  26-27 September, 2013 Budapest Public Participation in the Definition of Monitoring in Transport Planning Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) matig@dica.unict.it

  2. The steps and methods of the SEA process Fonte: www.ambiente.regione.umbria.it Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy)

  3. SEA scheme. The sequence of steps of an integrated process of planning and evaluation Fonte: Progetto Enplan (2004). Linee guide : l’integrazione della Valutazione Ambientale nel processo di piano www.interreg-enplan.org/linee3.htm Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 3

  4. Stages of work carried out for the implementation of the SEA of the Italian PON Networks and Mobility • Fonte: Piano di Monitoraggio Ambientale. Quaderni del PON Reti e Mobilità 2007-2013 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 4

  5. PortActionPlan A Port Action Plan is a long-term structural and strategic plan with a planned horizon at least of 10 years. It identifies problems and solutions to enhance the accessibility and sustainability of port systems. A Port Action Plan fixes not only the goals to be gained, but also a monitoring and evaluation system through the identification of a set of performance indicators. …adopting new planning integrated approaches in the fields of transport, land use, urban environment and local governance (EU Integrated Maritime Policy in the Mediterranean space) . Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 5

  6. PortActionPlan • Key objectivesfor each organization when producing a PAP are: • To decongest the maritime system bottleneck by coordinating transport modal shift policies. • To limit air pollution produced by the increased mobility of goods in coastal regions, especially when the emissions of trailer and semitrailer trucks are produced within the urban nodes to arrive to the harbour terminals. • To promote intermodalitysolutions in urban seaports in order to boost the transfer traffic shares from monomodal road transport to Short Sea Shipping and combined transport. • To enhance the accessibility of Mediterranean ports towards their hinterland and the home markets of Central Europe, so that maritime regions can economically benefit from the plan strategies. Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 6

  7. Proposed Planning Model • The Port Action Plans will be developed: • according to the logic of the Deming Cycle (orPCDA Cycle) • joint with • the IORI framework Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 7

  8. Proposed Planning Model The Deming Cycle is an iterative four-step problem-solving model used to ensure continuous improvement of processes and optimal use of available resources Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 8

  9. Proposed Planning Model (Indicative Guidelines on Evaluation Methods: Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for the New Programming Period 2007-2013 of the European Commission - August 2006) Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 9

  10. Framework of the planning model P – Plan 1.1. Definition of the territorial ambit of reference 1.2. Identification of the public bodies, stakeholders and citizens to be involved 1.3. Analysis of the state of art 1.5. Analysis of the best practices (benchmarking analysis) 1.6. SWOT analysis 1.4 Construction of development scenarios – Definition of plan scenario (MoU) D – Do C – Check Monitoring (IORI) Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 10

  11. The 5 levels of Public Engagement in transport planning • stakeholder identification, at the early stage of decision-making context assessment; • listening, during the analysis of the present situation and the identification of plan objectives; • information giving; • consultation, while formulating and evaluating the alternative systems’ projects; • participation in the final choice. Cascetta e Pagliara, 2011 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 11

  12. The PDCA cycle integrated with the participation process Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 12

  13. Proposed Planning Model Improving Environmental Quality Air pollution % Decreased Air Pollution Quality life Increase Port Capacity Improving Maritime Traffic TEUs n° TEUs Create / Improve Infrastructure Improve Operational Infrastructure n° Docks Docks Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 13

  14. Focus sul Community Involvement GUIDEMAPS Handbook, Kelly et al. 2004 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 14

  15. Community Involvement (CI) in Transport Planning • Conflictingobjectivesfor variousstakeholders (e.g. accessibilityto commercial activities vs liveability for citizen) • Lack of alternatives“razional” visionof the choices(Cascetta, 2012) • The absence of CI can lead to syndromes: • NIMBY(Not In My BackYard) • BANANA (BuildAbsolutelyNothing AnywhereNearAnyone) • DAD (Decide, Announce, Defend) • prefer a stakeholderssharedsolutionratherthan the optimalsolution COMMUNITIES DECISION MAKERS Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 15

  16. Elementi del processo decisionale di pianificazione dei trasporti • NIMBY National database monitoring all public works who suffer disputes • 331 in Italy. http://www.nimbyforum.it/ Community Involvement and Sustainable Mobility Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 16

  17. NIMBY Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 17

  18. Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 18

  19. Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 19

  20. Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 20

  21. NIMBY – BRT and parking infrastructures in Catania Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 21

  22. NIMBY – railwaydoubling in Catania line Catania Ognina – Catania Centrale in the context of the RFI project “Nodo di Catania”: • demolition of historicalbuildings • installation of soundproofbarriers on the “Archi della Marina” Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 22

  23. Community (Stakeholder) Involvement or Public Engagement • CI is the process of identifying and incorporating stakeholders’ concerns, needs and values in the transport decision making process • It is a two-way communication process to favor exchange information and SH interaction among them and with the decision maker and the planners • The aim is to achieve a transparent decision making process, enriched by the SH inputs and the emergence of a coalition supporting a final shared decision Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 23

  24. Principles of Community Involvemement Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 24

  25. The path of participation "step-by-step" Holstein, 2010 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 25

  26. Actors involved in the decision-making process Decision-makers Expertise Public interest Planners Stakeholders Citizens Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 26

  27. The pyramid of participation Planners Stakeholders Citizens Holstein, 2010 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 27

  28. Passaggio dal DAD all’ EDD Planners Stakeholders Citizens Walker, 2009 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 28

  29. The decision-making process: the strongly rational approach PRESENT SITUATION DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT IDENTIFICATION OBJECTIVES, CONSTRAINTS AND INTERVENTIONS IDENTIFICATION GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS IDENTIFICATION ALTERNATIVES EVALUATION IMPACTS SIMULATION AND PROJECTS TECHNICAL EVALUATION MONITORING AND EVALUATION COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS INTERVENTIONS MONITORING FORMAL CHOICE CHOICE IMPLEMENTATION (PARTIAL/TOTAL) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION • rielaboratodaCascetta, 2011 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo • University of Catania (Italy) 29

  30. Transport Planning Public Engagement DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT IDENTIFICATION STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION • PRESENT SITUATION ANALYSIS • Activity system • Transportation system LISTENING MONITORING IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES, CONSTRAINTS AND PROJECT TYPOLOGIES INFORMATION GIVING CONSULTATION ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS PROJECTS (PLANS) FORMULATION PROJECTS SIMULATION AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT INFORMATION GIVING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS COMPARISON (EVALUATION) PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT SATISFYING CONSENSUS NO YES CONSULTATION PARTICIPATION CHOICE (PHASE) IMPLEMENTATION 1st PHASE • rielaboratodaCascetta, 2011 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo • University of Catania (Italy) 30

  31. Tools for participation: Social Network Analysis • Social Network Analysisis the methodical analysis of social networks • SNA views social relationships in terms of network theory, consisting of nodes (representing individual actors within the network) and ties (which represent relationships between the individuals, such as friendship, kinship, organizational position, sexual relationships, etc.) • These networks are often depicted in a social network diagram, where nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. A social network diagram displaying friendship ties among a set of Facebook users. (Source: Wikipedia) Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 31

  32. Reconstruction of the SH Network and Opinion Network Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 32

  33. Measures of centrality of a node in the network Fonte: Wikipedia Increasingvalues ​​of centrality Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) • A) Degree centrality • the number of ties that a node has • B) Closeness centrality • The inverse of the sum of its shortest path to all other nodes • C) Betweennesscentrality • the number of times a node acts as a bridge along the shortest path between two other nodes • D) Eigenvector centrality • is a measure of the influence of a node in a network. Connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node 33

  34. Measures of centrality of a node in the network Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 34

  35. Tools for partecipation: Social Network Analysis • L’uso dei social network nella pianificazione è illustrato da Scott e Ward (2010) • Mappatura degli stakeholder (Carter, 2009; Trenitalia, 2004) • Misure di centralità (Kazmierckzak, 2012) • Software automatici (StakeholderCircle, StakeSource) • Rete = nodi (stakeholder), archi (relazioni) • Rete ricostruita tramite interviste (Kazmierckzak, 2012; Pitt, 2008) osnowballingtechnique(StakeNet, StakeSource) Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 35

  36. StakeSource • Identification: • Initialstakeholder (sh) list (manuallyidentified) • Send Email to sh • InitialSh iniziali suggestothersh (snowballing) • Network construction: • Network createdthanks to suggestions • Centralitymeasures: • Betweenness, load, closeness, pagerank, in-degree, out-degree • Identification of shthatmayhavedifficulties in communication/involvement • shprioritybased on centralitymeasures Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 36

  37. Tools for CI: opinion dynamics model for the stakeholder network • Studying how the opinion flows through the network can be useful to understand how the interaction among SH can affect the final decision • Opinion dynamics models (e.g. HK, 2002; Snajzd, 2000; OCR model Pluchino et al., 2004) can simulate the behaviour of SH choosing among different alternatives • The opinion dynamics is highly influenced by the network topology and SH’ importance (Le Pira, Inturri, Ignaccolo et al., 2013) • As a result of the interaction, the network topology can change and the opinion too Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 37

  38. The change of opinion as a result of the interaction INFORMATION GIVING INTERACTION OPINION CHANGE sì no Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 38

  39. Methodology • Stakeholder identification • Stakeholder analysis • Building of the stakeholder network (SNA) • Opinion dynamics on the stakeholder network Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 39

  40. Opinion dynamics on the stakeholder network and Netlogo • Opinion dynamics models to reproduce the information exchange among stakeholders who have an opinion and can communicate • Agent-based modelling to simulate the opinion dynamics because of: • the possibility to ask the agents (endowed with own properties) to have an opinion and act according to simple behavioural laws; • the surfacing of collective patterns which are not predictable • Netlogo: multi-agent programmable modelling environment that reproduces complex systems and can be used to simulate the opinion dynamics on the stakeholder network Netlogo interface www.ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 40

  41. Agent-based modelling of stakeholder interaction in transport decisions Graphic interface Stakeholder network Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 41

  42. World Conference on Transport Research WCTR Rio 2013 Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 42

  43. Categories of stakeholders in the port planning • Institutions and authorities (public sector), which in turn can be: • Internal stakeholders • Legislation and public policy stakeholders • Companies and operators (private sector), which can be considered as internal stakeholders • Local communities (or community stakeholders), which can be considered as external stakeholders Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 43

  44. stakeholder network for port planning and management http://www.maccs.mu/index.php?page_id=62&lang=1 (Henesey et al., 2003) Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 44

  45. 45

  46. Port Community - internal SH network Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 46

  47. Conclusions • Community Involvementrelevance in transport planning decisionprocedures • Need to involve stakeholdersince from earlystagesof planning process • Participationprocedures for the definition of monitoringcriteria • Tools for favour the participationprocess (SNA and Opinion dynamics) • Importance of decisionsupporttools(MCA, AHP, participatory GIS) in order to obtainstakeholdersharedsolutions Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 47

  48. Bibliography (1/2) • Carter, J. 2009. Stakeholder Mapping for Climate Change Adaptation. Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. In: http://www.adaptingmanchester.co.uk/sites/default/files/Stakeholdermappingreport-finalversion.pdf • Cascetta, E. 2011. Transportation Planning: Decision-making, Public Engagement and Systems Engineering. SIDT, National Conference and International Seminar, Venice. In: http://www.enniocascetta.net/public/20120713143507Cascetta_SIDTfinal.pdf • Cascetta, E. 2012. Scelte razionali e Public Engagement per le infrastrutture italiane. In: http://www.enniocascetta.net/public/2012071613191820120604130729articolo%20fluxus%20scelte%20razionali%20e%20Public%20Engagement[1].pdf • Cascetta, E. e Pagliara, F. 2011. Public Engagement and Transportation Planning: Some evidencesfrom Italy. SIDT, National Conference and International Seminar, Venice. In: http://www.sidt.org/sidt2011/wp-content/uploads/SIDT-2011_PL2_02_Public-Engagement-and-Transportation-Planning.pdf • Hegselmann, R. e Krause, U. 2002. Opinion dynamics and bounded confidence: models, analysis and simulation. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 5(3), 2002. • Henesey, L., Notteboom, T., e Davidsson, P. 2003. Agent-based simulation of stakeholders relations: An approach to sustainable port and terminal management. Proceedings of the International Association of Maritime Economists Annual Conference, (IAME 2003), Busan, Korea, 2003. • Holstein, A. N. 2010. Participation in climate change adaptation. GRaBS Expert Paper 2. www.grabs-eu.org • Kazmierczak, A. 2012. Working together? Inter-organisational cooperation on climate change adaptation.EcoCities project, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. In: http://www.adaptingmanchester.co.uk/sites/default/files/EcoCitiesSNA_FINAL.pdf Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 48

  49. Bibliography (2/2) • Kelly, J., P. Jones, F. Barta, R. Hossinger, A. Witte e Wolf A. C. 2004. Successful transport decision-making. A project management and stakeholder engagement handbook. In:http://www.civitas-initiative.org/docs1/GUIDEMAPSHandbook_web.pdf • Le Pira, M., Ignaccolo M., Inturri G., Garofalo C., Pluchino A. e Rapisarda A., 2013. AgentbasedmodellingofStakeholderInteraction in TransportDecisions. Paper da presentare al WCTR 2013 (Rio de Janeiro, 15-18 luglio 2013) • Pitt, M. 2008. Using Social Network Analysis to Study Participation in the Community-University Partnership Megaprojects for Communities. Method Report CE08-02E. Montréal: CURA Making Megaprojects Work for Communities – Mégaprojects au service des communautés. • Pluchino, A., Latora V., e Rapisarda, A. 2004. Changing Opinions in a Changing World. A New Perspective in Sociophysics. arXiv:cond-mat/0410217 [cond-mat.other] • Scott Dempwolf, C. and Ward Lyles, L. 2010. The Uses of Social Network Analysis in Planning: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Planning Literature, February 2012; vol. 27, 1; pp. 3-21. • SznajdWeron, K. and Sznajd, J. 2000. Opinion evolution in closed community. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 11(6):1157-1165, 2000. • Trenitalia, 2004. Stakeholder Analysis – DTR. Progress Report. 16th December 2004 • Walker, P. 2009. Dinosaur DAD and Enlightened EDD – engaging people earlier is better. The environmentalist, 2 Feb 2009, Issue 71. • Winkelmans, W. and Notteboom, T. 2007. Port master planning: Balancing stakeholders’ interests. In: Dobrowolski, K., Zurek, J. (Eds), The reality and dilemmas of globalization. Gdansk: The Foundation of the Development of Gdansk University. Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo University of Catania (Italy) 49

  50. Thanks for yourattention! • Matteo Ignaccolo • University of Catania (Italy) - matig@dica.unict.it Prof. Matteo Ignaccolo Università degli Studi di Catania

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