Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Emotions, Stress and Health

2. Emotions in Advertising Advertisers attempt to elicit emotions to make you buy or support their products Your emotions influence your decisions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQyGn_0Kr9M

3. Emotions, Stress, and Health Motivated behavior is often driven by powerful emotions that color and sometimes disrupt our lives

4. Theories of Emotion • Emotion: • A response of the whole organism involving • Physiological arousal (heart pounding) • Expressive behaviors (quickened pace) • Conscious Experience (fear or joy)

5. Controversy over Interplay of physiology, expressions and experience in emotions Does your physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional response? Does cognition always precede emotion?

6. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange theory: • The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli We don’t just smile because we share our teammates’ joy. We also share the joy because we are smiling with them

7. Theories of Emotion • Cannon-Bard theory: • The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

8. Theories of Emotion • Two-factor Theory: • The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

9. Theories of EmotionSight of oncoming car James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory Pounding heart (arousal) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Pounding Heart (arousal) Cognition label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Fear (emotion)

10. Group Activity Work with partner to create examples of each of the theories of emotions Each person in the group needs to write their answers on their own sheet of paper

11. Ask Yourself Can you remember a time when you began to feel upset or uneasy and only later labeled those feelings? Write about it: Relate to a time when you felt the same type of physical feeling for different emotions What emotions have similar physical bases? Have you ever tried to convince yourself that you were feeling a different emotion? How did you do it? Were you effective?

12. Test Yourself Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and she’s broken out in a cold sweat. How would James-Lange, Cannon-Bard and two-factors theories explain Christine’s emotional reaction?

14. Embodied Emotion What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?

15. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): • Mobilizes your body for action and calms it when the crisis passes (fight or flight) • Without any conscious effort, your body’s response to danger is coordinated and adaptive-preparing you for fight or flight

16. Emotions and the ANS • The Sympathetic division of your ANS directs your adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norpinephrine (noradrenaline)

17. Emotions and ANS • Influenced by this energy-enhancing hormonal surge (adrenaline and noradrenaline), your liver pours extra sugar into your bloodstream. To help burn the sugar, your respiration increases to supply needed oxygen. Your heart rate and blood pressure increase. Your digestion slows, diverting blood from your internal organs to your muscles. With blood sugar driven into the large muscles, running becomes easier. Pupils dilate. You perspire. If wounded, your blood clots more quickly.

18. Emotions and ANS • When crisis passes, the parasympathetic division of your ANS takes over, calming your body. • Its neural centers inhibit release of stress hormones, and others will diminish gradually

19. Cognition and Emotion • To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?

20. Cognition and Emotion • Sometimes our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event • You go for a long job and come home, check your email and find out you got a job that pays really well • What are some feelings that you have felt spilled over from one event to the next?

21. How does your physiological changes in your body and the spill over effect influence your emotions and decision making during fight or flight mode?

22. Cognition and Emotion • Donna Desforges and Thomas Lee conducted a study that demonstrated the difficulty of detecting deception. The cues people use when they are actually trying to deceive are speech hesitation, increased vocal pitch, blinking and pupil dilation. • Studies at Michigan State University suggest that deceivers tend to use shorter sentences and talk for shorter durations. They tend to make more speech errors, such as stuttering and mispronunciation. They often pause longer between words and take longer to respond to a question or comment. In addition, they often use a lot of hand gestures, fidget with their collars, run their fingers through their hair or twiddle their thumbs

23. Reliability and Emotions • Shows such as COPS and FIRST 48 offer looks at how people act in eye witness testimony as well as during interrogations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JVSFP_l0GA • http://www.aetv.com/the-first-48/video/turning-point-17076740?pfilter=ALL VIDEOS

24. Critical Thinking Exercise • P 396-397 • Lie Detection: How reliable are polygraphs?

25. Nonverbal Communication/Expression

26. Expressed Emotions

27. Detecting Emotion • All of us communicate nonverbally as well as verbally • Gaze, glance or stare • Joan Kellerman, James Lewis and James Laird (1989)

28. Detecting Emotion • Experience can sensitize us to emotions • Experiment using pictures of faces that morphed from fear to anger • Children who had been victims of abuse were much quicker to identify anger

29. Detecting Emotion • Emoticons: • :) • ;) • :P • :( • Gestures, facial expressions, tones of voice are all absent in electronic communication • The absence of expressive e-motion can make for ambiguous emotion • CAN RESULT IN MISINTERPRETATION IN THE ABSENCE OF NONVERBAL CUES

30. Gender, Emotion and Nonverbal Behavior Does gender have “rules” for emotional expression?

31. Gender, Emotion and Nonverbal Behavior Would the following be acceptable in our culture? • Two men kissing each other in greeting • Two women patting each other on the behind during a sports competition • Men crying at a sad movie • Women violently expressing anger • Men hugging to celebrate an occasion

32. Gender, Emotion and Nonverbal Behavior • Judith Hall (1984,1987) found women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cues • Gives women edge at spotting lies

33. Gender, Emotion and Nonverbal Behavior • In studies of 23,000 people from 26 cultures around the world, women more than men reported themselves as open to feelings • One exception: • Anger: Tends to be associated as masculine emotion • ASU Study: • Gender neutral face looked angry; reported as male • Gender neutral face was smiling; reported as female

34. Culture and Emotional Expression Are nonverbal expressions of emotions universally understood?

35. Do our gestures mean the same in all cultures?

36. A smile is a smile around the world

37. Anger is anger around the world

38. Culture and Emotional Expression • Although culture has universal facial language for basic emotions, they differ on how much emotions to express • Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America display mostly visible emotions • China and Japan: encourage people to adjust to others; emotions less visible

39. The Effects of Facial Expressions • Do our facial expression influence our feelings? • William James struggled with depression and grief; believed that we can control emotions by “going through the outward movements” of any emotion we want to experience • “To feel cheerful, sit up cheerfully, look around cheerfully, and act as if cheerfulness were already there”

40. The Effects of Facial Expressions • James Laird, et al: • Students reported feeling fear, anger, disgust, or sadness when asked to make a fearful expression • “Raise your eyebrows, open your eyes wide. Move your whole head back so that your chin is tucked in a little bit, and let your mouth relax and hang open a little”.

41. The Effects of Facial Expressions “The face is more than a billboard that displays our feelings; it also feeds our feelings” • Facial feedback: the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expressions of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

42. The Effects of Facial Expressions • Behavior Feedback phenomenon: • Sara Snodgrass and associated (1986) • Walk around for a few minutes with short, shuffling steps, keeping eyes downward • Now walk around for a few minutes taking long strides, with your arms swinging and your eyes looking straight ahead • Moods shift; going through motions awakens the emotions • Mimic another person’s expression • Behavior is contagious

43. Class Activity • With partner at table • Each of the students will write two sentences • (DO NOT TELL YOUR PARTNER WHAT YOU ARE WRITING!!!!!!!) • One of the sentences will deliver good news, one of the sentences will deliver bad news • (IE: You won the lottery!!!!!/ You failed your psychology class!!!) • Tape golf tees to forehead; have students report if golf tees touch, emotions felt when receiving the news, did the type of facial expression affect either the expression or reception of the news?

44. Class Activity • Select one person to watch the videos and one person to be the recorder: • Recorder: Monitor and record how many times you see the golf tees touch while watching the videos; also write an obvious emotions portrayed on partner’s facial expression

45. Class Activity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO9d2PpP7tQ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIMFL9wRaJE

46. How to Be Happier • Realize that enduring happiness may not come from financial success • Take control of your time • Act Happy • Seek work and leisure that engage your skills • Join the “movement” movement • Give your body the sleep it wants • Give priority to close relationships • Focus beyond self • Count your blessings and record your gratitude • Nurture your spiritual self

47. Class Activity • Grateful Journal: • Students will write one page paper on things in their life they are thankful for. • Explain why you are grateful • One page paper MUST be in cursive

48. Critical Thinking • What is the function of fear and how do we learn fears? • How do we learn fear? • What is the biology of fear? • What are the causes and consequences of anger? • What are the causes and consequences of happiness?

49. Critical Thinking • If we learn our emotional responses, we may be able to learn new responses to replace old ones. • Would you like to change any of your emotional responses? Do you feel you are too easily provoked to anger to fear, for instance? How might you go about changing your behavior or your thinking in order to change your emotional reactions?

50. Test Yourself • What things do (and do not) predict self-reported happiness?