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Surface Water

Surface Water. Streams and Rivers. Stream Erosion and Deposition. River Valleys. Flood Plains and Floods. Tigris – Euphrates River. The Nile River. Yangtze River. Ganges River. Amazon River. The Mississippi River. Water Phase Changes. Hydrologic Cycle. Streams and Rivers.

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Surface Water

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  1. Surface Water Streams and Rivers Stream Erosion and Deposition River Valleys Flood Plains and Floods

  2. Tigris – Euphrates River

  3. The Nile River

  4. Yangtze River

  5. Ganges River

  6. Amazon River

  7. The Mississippi River

  8. Water Phase Changes

  9. Hydrologic Cycle

  10. Streams and Rivers Surface Water Tributary Divide River A river system consists of a river and all of its tributaries. VOCABULARY tributary river system drainage basin watershed divide gradient discharge The drainage basin of a river system is all the land that is drained by the river and its tributaries. A river’s velocity, gradient, discharge, and channel shape affect how it erodes and transports materials.

  11. Important Definitions River System • ____________ – a stream and all its tributaries • ________ – a smaller stream that empties into a larger stream • _________ – the land area drained by a river system • ______ – a high point that separates river systems Tributary Watershed Divide

  12. River Channels and Drainage There are different types of river channel patterns and river drainage patterns. • Dendritic • Radial • Rectangular • Trellis

  13. Dendritic networkA drainage network whose interconnecting streams resemble the pattern of branches connecting to a deciduous tree

  14. Radial network A drainage network in which the streams flow outward from a cone-shaped mountain, and define a pattern resembling spokes on a wheel.

  15. Rectangular networkA drainage network in which the streams join each other at right angles because of a rectangular grid of fractures that breaks up the ground and localizes channels.

  16. Trellis networkA drainage system that develops across a landscape of parallel valleys and ridges so that major tributaries flow down the valleys and join a trunk stream that cuts through the ridge; the resulting map pattern resembles a garden trellis.

  17. Stream Erosion and Deposition Surface Water Flow Suspension: Silt and clay Bed load: sand, gravel, pebbles and boulders Materials carried in solution cannot be seen. Rivers wear down Earth’s surface and erode and deposit materials. A river may carry materials in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load. VOCABULARY deposition pothole load suspension bed load competence capacity delta

  18. Stream Load • A stream can carry its load in three different ways: • 1.________ – material is dissolved • 2.__________ – particles are held up by stream’s moving water • 3._________ – material pushed or rolled along the stream’s channel solution suspension bed load

  19. How Streams Move Sediment

  20. Stream Erosion and Deposition Surface Water Over time, sediments build up, forming a delta. Velocity and discharge affect how much material a river can transport. When river velocity greatly decreases, sediment drops out of the water to form a delta or alluvial fan.

  21. Stream Discharge • Discharge is the amount of water that flows past a point in a certain amount of time. • Discharge is dependent upon velocity, depth, and width of the stream. • Discharge = _______ x _____ x _____ velocity depth width

  22. Vocabulary Summary

  23. RIVER DEPOSITION A river drops some of its load when either its volume or its speed decreases eg when it enters an arid (dry) region, crosses an area of porous rock (eg limestone), enters a flat or gently sloping plain or enters a lake or the sea.Material transported or deposited by a river is called alluvium.

  24. Alluvial Fan ____________ – deposit formed when a stream spreads out onto a less steep area

  25. Delta _____ – where a stream empties into a larger body of water

  26. ________: Rapids Waterfalls Fast-moving water Steep slope _______: Broad floodplain Meanders Oxbow lakes Meander Scars Stream Stages Youthful Old

  27. River Systems Youthful Mature Old

  28. Stream Processes and Floodplain Development

  29. River Valleys Surface Water Youthful rivers form steep-sided canyons and V-shaped valleys. The lowest level to which a river can erode its bed is called its base level. Rapids can form as a river runs down a deep slope, while a river that plunges over a cliff forms a waterfall.

  30. River Valley Terms

  31. Rejuvenation ____________ – when an old age stream downcuts to “make it new again”

  32. Forming Stream Terraces

  33. Floodplains and Floods Surface Water Valley wall Back swamp Oxbow lake Meander Natural levees Yazoo tributary floodplain A river that has cut down close to its base level tends to erode the sides of its valley, forming a meandering river in a wide flood plain. VOCABULARY flood floodplain meanders oxbow lake natural levees flash flood

  34. Meanders ________ – the bends and curves of a stream

  35. Oxbow lake deposition erosion

  36. Oxbow Lakes

  37. Oxbow Lakes

  38. Floodplains and Floods Surface Water River floods are natural events that can have constructive as well as destructive effects. People have developed different methods to control and prevent river flooding.

  39. Floodplain and Natural Levee Development

  40. Mississippi River Flood 1993 Before and After

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