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Chapter 17: non-renewable energy

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Chapter 17: non-renewable energy

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    1. Chapter 17: non-renewable energy Energy Use and Consumption Unit

    2. Crude Oil Location (world): Middle East (OPEC 78%) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

    3. Crude Oil Location (US): Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Coast (3% of world reserves)

    5. Crude Oil So how long do we “think” it will last? US reserves: 10-48 years. World reserves: 42-93 years

    8. Crude Oil Advantages: Abundant, convenient, cheap Disadvantages: Dependant on foreign oil, running out, emissions, pollution, at current rate, we will run out in 53 years!

    9. Crude Oil Conventional oil/light oil: what we use; pumped from ground Heavy crude oil: Oil that is difficult to pump out; currently not recovered Oil sand (tar sand): mixture of clay, sand, water and bitumen. Could be used, but has high sulfur content Shale oil: can be extracted from oil shale rock. Low quality oil

    10. Natural Gas Location (world): Russia (31%), Middle East (36%)

    11. Natural Gas Location (US): (3%) Gulf coast, above crude oil

    12. Natural Gas So how long do we “think” it will last? US reserves: 55-80 years World Reserves: 62-125 years

    14. Natural Gas Advantages: Can be transported easily, lower pollution than other fossil fuels, high energy yield Disadvantages: running out, greenhouse gas released, explosive (especially in liquid form)

    15. Natural Gas LPG: liquefied petroleum gas (LP). For rural areas where natural gas lines aren’t run. Propane and Butane mixed.

    16. Coal Location (world): China, Russia

    17. Coal Location (US): (25% of world supply) Eastern areas of US: Montana, Utah, Arizona and southern areas of midwest

    18. Coal So how long do we “think” it will last? US Reserves: 300 at current rates (64 years with 4% increase) World Reserves:400+ years if new reserves are found and current rate of usage

    19. Coal Advantages: most abundant fossil fuel, high energy, US has large supply Disadvantages: health concerns, high pollution when burned, high in sulfur, releases mercury

    20. Coal

    21. Coal Can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG), but the process releases more CO2 than burning coal does. Low quality coal is often burnt with high emissions: mercury, sulfur, CO2 Different types of coal: Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite, “Peat”

    22. Coal Types

    23. Nuclear Energy Location (world): France, Sweden, Russia Location (US): Mostly east of the Mississippi River

    24. Nuclear Energy So how long do we “think” it will last? US reserves: undetermined. No new reactors have been ordered since 1978 and all ordered after 1973 were cancelled. Power plant lasts only about 60 years World Reserves: 1000-8000 (breeder reactors)

    25. Nuclear Energy Advantages: Large fuel supply, moderate land use, moderate/low pollution Disadvantages: subject to terrorist attack, weapon-grade, LONG storage of waste.

    26. Radioactive Waste Must be stored for 10,000 (closed fuel cycle) to 240,000 years (open fuel cycle)

    27. A once through (or open) fuel cycle

    28. Step 1 Uranium is mined, enriched and manufactured to nuclear fuel which is delivered to a nuclear power plant.

    29. Step 2 and 3 After usage in the power plant the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to final repository (3) for permanent storage in a safe place, such as inside rock.

    30. Step 4 In reprocessing 95% of spent fuel can be recycled to be returned to usage in a power plant.

    31. Radioactive Waste Storage ideas: Bury underground Shoot to space or sun Bury on stable area of ocean floor (prohibited by law) Change into less harmful isotopes

    32. Radioactive Waste Storage ideas: Bury under Antarctic Ice Sheet, Greenland ice cap (prohibited by law)

    33. Radioactive Waste Storage ideas: Dump into oceanic subduction area (prohibited by law)

    34. Radioactive Waste Storage ideas: Yucca Mountain Desert storage

    35. TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE IN MICHIGAN

    36. Breeder Reactors Fissionable: U-235, Pu-239 Commonly found: U-238, non fissionable Takes non-fissionable Uranium and converts it to fissionable Plutonium (add 2p and remove 1n) Advantages/Disadvantages – to be presented by classmates

    37. Fusion D-T fusion possible at 100,000,000oC (180,000,000oF) No CO2 emissions, infinite fuel supply, no melt down concerns, no weapon grade radioactive materials, waste would only need stored 100 years or so. Still only experimental – earliest use in 2030, 2100 more likely

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