PROGRESSIVES

1. PROGRESSIVES • SOCIAL REFORMERS seeking solutions to social, economic & political problems – look to experts, not common man • NOT a political party … both Democrats & Republicans are progressives • Mostly white, urban, middle-class, many women • Look to government as agency of social welfare Jane Adaams

2. Goals of Socialists vs. Progressives Socialism Progressivism Trying to just improve capitalism Opposed Social Darwinism Sought reforms to improve the lives of workers Sought government reforms to give voters more control over their government • SOCIALISM = system where gov’t owns & controls production & distribution of all goods produced • Socialists want to do away with America’s capitalist system and replace it with socialism • Also will see rise of anarchists, communists…

3. Who were the Progressives? • Chiefly middle-class • Doctors, lawyers, ministers, & storekeepers • White-collar office workers & middle managers, bank employees, & manufacturing firms • Lived in cities • Protestant Christians preached about the Social Gospel • Political Leaders: • Republican – Teddy Roosevelt & Robert La Follette • Democrats – Woodrow Wilson & William Jennings Bryan

4. Hull House • One of the first in the Settlement House Movement • Founded by Jane Addams • Graduate of Rockford College • Faced chronic poverty, overcrowded tenement houses, child labor, industrial accidents, & public health • Provided women w/ an alternative to the traditional roles in society • Located in slum area of Chicago

5. Female Occupations • Traditional roles • Moms, teachers, nurses, librarians • New occupations • Social work, public health nursing, home economics • Sustained reform commitments • Expanded the social welfare function of the state • Increased women’s public authority & influence

6. MUCKRAKERS • Writers who investigate and expose social problems. • Do not attempt to solve the problems –just expose them. • New $.10 & $.15 journals like McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle • Unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants • Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities • Political corruption in city government • Ida Tarbell– History of Standard Oil Company • Expose of Rockefeller’s unethical business methods • John Spargo - The Bitter Cry of the Children • child labor abuses

7. JACOB RIIS • “How the Other Half Lives” • Photo-journalist • Exposed problems of the urban immigrants

8. POLITICAL REFORMS(To use gov’t to curb trusts; to stem Socialist threat by improving the common person’s condition of life & labor) • WISCONSIN IDEA – ROBERT LAFOLLETTE • Management of public resources will be entrusted to non-partisan civil servants – mostly from faculty of U of WI • DIRECT PRIMARY • People (not bosses) choose who will run for office • INITIATIVE • Voters/public initiate/propose legislation • REFERENDUM • Proposed legislation submitted to voters for approval • RECALL • Allows voters to remove an elected official from office • 17TH AMENDMENT • U.S. Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures—the “Millionaire’s Club” • 17th Amendment provides for direct election of senators

9. CHILD LABOR • Problems exposed by John Spargo in “Bitter Cry of the Children” • 1.7 million children under age 16 were employed full-time • Problems included: • Low pay & long hours • Sweatshops • Unhealthy conditions • Dangerous mines

10. Changes in Education: Public Schools • After 1865, continued to teach the 3R’s • Compulsory laws dramatically increase the # of children enrolled • Literacy rate rose to 90% by 1900 • Sending children to kindergarten (practice borrowed from Germany) became popular • Growing support for tax-supported public high schools

11. Changes in Education: Higher Education • # of US colleges increased during the late 1800s • Land grant colleges established under theMorrill acts of 1862 & 1890 • Universities founded by wealthyphilanthropist • Founding of new colleges for women • 71% of colleges admitted women;made up more than 1/3 student pop. • Reduction in number of requiredcourses; increase in electives • John Hopkins University – first tospecialized in graduate studies;emphasized research & free inquiry • Became dominated by social activities,fraternities, and intercollegiate sports

12. Changes in Education:Social Sciences & The Professions • Application of scientific method & the theory of evolution to human affairs revolutionized the social sciences • New social sciences includedbehavioral psychology, sociology,anthropology, & political science • W.E.B. Du Bois • First African American to receive adoctorate from Harvard • Applied statistical methods of sociology tostudy crime in an urban neighborhood • Advocated full equal rights for blacks, integrated schools, & equal access to higher education

13. TEMPERANCE/PROHIBITION • Social problems resulting from alcohol: • Money wasted • Physical abuse • Health problems / sickness • Poor performance at work • Goal of Temperance Movement: • Laws to ban the manufacture, sale or distribution of alcohol • Movement led by women, WCTU, Frances Willard

14. Women's’ Suffrage • President Wilson opposed • Alice Paul & National Women’s Party: • Picketed the White House • Blocked Sidewalks • Chained themselves to lampposts • Hunger strikes in jail; Force-fed • WYOMING was the 1st state to give women the right to vote • 19th Amendment finally passed in 1920 which gave suffrage to ALL women in nation

15. Headquarters of an Anti-Suffrage Group (c.1910) • Opposition to the goal of women’s suffrage came from many arenas • Some believed women would only duplicate the vote of their husband • Others believed that women were unable to exert the rational though that voting required.

16. "Kaiser Wilson" • During WWI, militant suffragists demanded President Wilson to reverse his opposition to the federal amendment • Vigils were held outside the white house • Compared Wilson to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany • In the heated patriotic climate of wartime, such tactics met with hostility and sometimes violence and arrest. 16

17. Popular Culture • Factors promoting leisure time: • Gradual reduction in the hours people worked • Improved transportation • Promotional billboards & advertising • Decline of restrictive Puritan & Victorian valuesthat discouraged “wasting” time on play • Forms of Pop Culture: • Popular Press & Mass Circulation • Saloons & Drinking • Circus • Spectator Sports • Baseball, football, basketball, & boxing • Middle & upper classes saw sports as healthy exercise

18. Workplace Safety Problems • No safety regulations • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire – NY, 1911 – employed 500 women • Fire starts on 8th floor • 150 women trapped in factory (9th) • Doors locked from the outside • Rear fire escape collapsed • Ladder truck only went to 6th floor • Burned alive or jumped to their death (nets broke) ….in just 15 minutes • Reforms resulting from this tragedy: • FIRE ESCAPES! • Workers’ compensation laws • Owners got off manslaughter charges; NOT guilty of knowing doors were locked; families sued & awarded $75 • Irony: building still standing – building was fireproof, but the contents inside weren’t • Most vivid symbol of need for gov’t to ensure a safe workplace

19. The Courts & Industrial Reforms • Lochner v. New York, 1905 • Supreme Ct. invalidates NY law setting 10 hour workday for bakers • Master & employee are free to contract with each other • Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. dissent: too long of hours & state CAN regulate private business in the interest of health ---- will be used later in: • Muller v. Oregon, 1908 • Ct. upheld OR law limiting # of hours women could work • Louis Brandeis, attorney used sociological, medical & scientific data to show need to protect women • Sexist ruling - Ct. agreed holding that women’s physical structure & performance of maternal functions put her at a disadvantage…her physical well-being becomes an object of public interest and care

20. LIMITS ON PROGRESSIVISM • Wages of unskilled workers stay low • IMMIGRANTS! • Biggest limitation of Progressivism is its attitude toward race • All non-white races still believed to be inferior • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 is the law on segregation • Separate but equal doctrine • Segregation is constitutional so long as separate facilities are equal

21. THEODORE ROOSEVELT:THE EARLY YEARS • Sickly as a child • Works hard in his father’s home gym • Overcomes illnesses through the strength of his will

22. Attends Harvard University • Athlete – Sculling, boxing

23. Mother (typhoid fever) & 1st wife (childbirth complications) died on same day (Valentines’ Day) • TR retreats to the Badlands, SD • Developed his love of the open land • Experience will shape his future policies • “THE COWBOY”

24. EARLY CAREER • Studied law at Columbia • 3 yrs. in NY legislature • 6 yrs. On US Civil Service Commission • 2 yrs. As NY City Police Commissioner • Already a “mover and a shaker” and a friend of the common man • Assistant Sec. Of Navy under McKinley • 1 term as NY Governor • Also, a well-known historian

25. ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT • Succeeded to the Presidency in 1901 on the assassination of McKinley by an anarchist • Youngest President at age 42 on his succession; then elected in 1904 • A magnetic personality; powerful speaker appealing to one’s emotions • A “visible” President • Energetic & aggressive

26. To fly in an airplane • To be submerged in a submarine • To own a car; have a telephone in his home • To have Secret Service protection • To travel outside the US borders while still in office (Panama) • To have an African-American to dinner in the White House • First American and President to win a Nobel Peace Prize • First “trust busting” president • “Saved” football Presidential Firsts

27. 5th Cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt • Portrayed on Mount Rushmore • “Speak Softly & Carry a Big Stick” • PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY: • ‘It is better to dare mighty things and fail than to live in a gray twilight where there is neither victory nor defeat.”

28. White House Full of Pranks & Pets • Kids slid down the stairways ontrays stolen from the pantry • walked the halls on stilts • bicycled and skated on newly polished floors • threw spitballs at portrait of Andrew Jackson, etc. • Pets: badger, a bear, raccoons, rabbits, turtles, parrots, pigs, cats, dogs, rats, guinea pigs, snakes, and a pony – which they snuck upstairs to the second floor bedrooms through thepresident’s elevator.

29. President Roosevelt in the White House • In this photo, Roosevelt stands next to one of his favorite objects, a huge globe on which he used to put small white markers to show the position of U.S., German and British navies in the Western Hemisphere.

30. THE BULLY PULPIT • Reference to the White House as a "bully pulpit," meaning a terrific platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda (how things “ought to be”) • Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.

31. THE SQUARE DEAL • Pledged allAmericans a “SQUARE DEAL” • Fair shake - fair chance for all • For capital, labor & the public at large

32. THE TRUSTBUSTER • Believed trusts were fact of life; need to get rid of “bad trusts;” other “good trusts” needed strong gov’t regulation, not elimination • Used Sherman Act & carefully chose Northern Securities RR merger as first target case – • J.P. Morgan and John J. Hill • Supreme Court ordered dissolution in 1904 • Bureau of Corporations – investigated & worked out deals • More trustbusting cases than all 3 previous Pres. combined but really more of a “trust-tamer”

33. COAL STRIKE OF 1902 • One of longest, largest strikes in history by UMW – began in June, 140,000 miners • Management & labor unable toagree • Management refuse to negotiate with UMW reps • Public sympathy is with strikers • TR steps in (Oct.) to solve the strike • Calls union leaders & management toWhite House • Threat: If settlement not reached,federal troops will seize & operate themines • Threat of gov’t intervention causedowners to talk – miners back to work;Commission appointed by TR to work out terms • Sets a precedent – 1st time a President ever stepped in to settle a labor strike

34. Other Business & Consumer Regulation • Part of the “Square Deal” • Increased power of ICC in RR regulation • Elkins RR Act, 1903 made it illegal to receive a/w/a grant rebates • Hepburn Act, 1906 energizes ICC – allows it to investigate & fix rates & stop RR abuses • Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • Pure Food & Drug Act • Pure Food & Drug Administration

35. CONSERVATION • HIS GREATEST DOMESTIC ACHIEVEMENT! • Early Conservation Efforts: • Desert Lands Act, 1877 (Hayes) • Desert land cheap if willing to irrigate • Forest Reserve Act, 1891 (Harrison) • Authorized P to set aside land • Carey Act, 1894 Cleveland • Federal land to states if states irrigate

36. Newlands Act, 1902 put proceeds from federal western land sales into irrigation projects such as dams • 1911 – Roosevelt Dam, AZ • Roosevelt will more than triple the amount of land set aside as national forests • Added over 100 million acres to protected forests • 150 national forests; 51 wildlife refuges; 5 national parks • Boy Scouts become popular

37. BIG STICK FOREIGN POLICY • International Police Role – Roosevelt Corollary • Panama Canal greatest achievement • Treaty of Portsmouth • Gentlemen’s Agreement

38. FAILURES/WEAKNESSES: • Poor relationship with Congress - had to go directly to the people for support of his programs; many enacted by executive order • Didn’t address the tariff issue • Inspired loyalty to himself rather than his policies • BUT did restore faith of the American people in the power of the government to serve their interests

39. Theodore Roosevelt on Immigrants and being an American - 1907: "In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the person's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American. There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag... We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language... and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people." Theodore Roosevelt 1907

40. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT • Known as the “Reluctant President” - “I don’t remember that I ever was President.” • Teddy Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor • Jovial, genial, conscientious, desire to avoid conflict • Always wanted to be a judge • Only Pres. to ever also serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

41. QUALIFICATIONS: • Graduate of Yale (2nd in class!) • Ohio Judge • Federal Circuit Court Judge • Governor of the Philippines • Secretary of War under TR • Supporter of the Square Deal

42. TAFT TRIVIA • Largest President, over 300 lbs. • Titanic sunk on April 14, 1912, during his presidency. • Started a new tradition when he threw the 1st ball on opening day of the baseball season • Kept cows on the White House lawn; milked Pauline every morning • Bought the White House its first car, a Ford Model-T, and turned the stable into a 4 car garage

43. Public had a low opinion of Taft Much more conservative than Roosevelt Felt he was destroying Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”

44. BACKGROUND/QUALIFICATIONS: • An intellectual - former professor & President of Princeton University - “The Professor” (1902) • Governor of NJ for 3 years (1910) • Ph.D. at John Hopkins in Political Science • 1st southern President since before the Civil War • Dyslexic - couldn’t read ‘til age 8/9 • Flag Day established in 1916 • Kept flock of sheep on White House • Lawn (wool raised $ for Red Cross; • gardeners off to war) • Father a Presbyterian minister • Idealistic / no shades of gray

45. Advantages & Disadvantages in Office • Had the support of most Democrats, including Bryan • But, Democrats had been out of power for long time - lack of experience • Did have a better relationship with Congress than Roosevelt or Taft • BUT, minority President, only 42% of popular vote • No experience in national or foreign policy. • Sec. Of State – Bryan, no experience in foreign affairs. Wilson Victory March

46. The Federal Reserve Act, 1913 • Most important piece of economic legislation between Civil War & New Deal • 12 District Banks for Bankers – owned by their members • But, public has control through Fed. Reserve Board in Washington which oversees the 12 regional districts • Board has authority to issue paper money & can increase money in circulation

47. Established a Federal Trade Commission, 1914 to investigate and regulate business practices Replaced TR’s Bureau of Corporations Forbade practices that destroyed competition such as price discrimination Trust Regulations Clayton Antitrust Act

48. Other Later Accomplishments Adamson Act: established an 8-hour day for railroad workers Women’s Suffrage: received the right to vote with the 19th Amendment – note though, WW was strongly opposed for many years Keating-Owen Child Labor Act: prohibited children under 14 to work in factories producing goods for interstate commerce

49. Greatest Failure • Wilson was a segregationist who brought Jim Crow back to Washington, D.C. • His administration segregated all restrooms, drinking fountains, lunch counters for all government buildings according to race. • Employees also segregated in government offices (those who objected were fired)