1 / 43

Articulations Chapter 9

Articulations Chapter 9. Biology 210 Instructor: John McGill Original PowerPoint: Jack Bagwell Supplemental Notes: Beth Wyatt Last updated: July 15, 2014. INTRODUCTION TO ARTICULATIONS. DEFINITION Articulations (joints) are the junctions between bones. FUNCTION

zada
Download Presentation

Articulations Chapter 9

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. ArticulationsChapter 9 Biology 210 Instructor: John McGill Original PowerPoint: Jack Bagwell Supplemental Notes: Beth Wyatt Last updated: July 15, 2014

  2. INTRODUCTION TO ARTICULATIONS • DEFINITION • Articulations (joints) are the junctions between bones. • FUNCTION • They bind the various parts of the skeletal system together. • They permit bone growth and enable body parts to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions.

  3. CLASSIFICATION-SUMMARY • Joints vary greatly in structure and function. • They can be classified by the types of tissues that bind the bones together at junctions • Synarthroses-fibrous • Amphiarthroses-cartilaginous • Diarthroses-synovial

  4. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: Structural • Based on Design, There Are 3 Types of Joints • FIBROUS JOINTS • Fibrous Tissue Located B/T Bones • CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS • Cartilage Located B/T Bones • SYNOVIAL JOINTS • Fluid-Filled Space Located B/T Bones

  5. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: Functional • Based on Degree of Movement Permitted, There Are 3 Types of Joints • Synarthroses (fibrous) • no movement (or very limited movement), suture • bones at these joints are fastened tightly by a layer of fibrous connective tissue • Amphiarthroses (cartilagenous) • cartilaginous joints • slightly moveable, symphysis pubis • bones at these joints are connected by hyaline cartilage • Diarthrosis (synovial) • freely moveable, shoulder joint • 7 major components of these joints

  6. Synarthroses (Fibrous joints) • Syndesmoses • Sutures • Gomphoses

  7. Synarthroses (Fibrous joints) • Syndesmoses • Bones are bound together by ligaments • Limited movement is possible • Ex: Joint between distal end of radius and ulna

  8. Synarthroses (Fibrous joints) • Sutures • Occur only between the flat bones of the skull. • United by a connective tissue called a sutural ligament; eventually this ligament becomes ossified. • Joints between skull bones

  9. Synarthroses (Fibrous joints) • Gomphoses • The union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket. • Ex: a tooth is fastened to the jawbone by a peridontal ligament.

  10. Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints) • Synchondroses • Sympheses

  11. Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints) • Synchondroses • United by bands of hyaline cartilage. • Many of these joints are temporary structures that disappear as a result of the growth process • Examples • Epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and the diaphysis • costal cartilage (ribs articulate with sternum)

  12. Amphiarthroses (Cartilaginous Joints) • Sympheses • Joint in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones • Most are located in the midline of the body. • Example: • symphysis pubis • intervertebral disks

  13. Structure of the Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, etc… • Joint capsule • sleeve like extension of the periosteum • forms a covering around the ends of the bones and binds the bones together. • Synovial membrane • moist membrane which lines the inner surface of the joint capsule • secretes synovial fluid • Articular cartilage • covers and cushions the articulating surfaces of the bones

  14. Structure of the Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint: • Joint cavity • small space between the articulating surface of the 2 bones of the joint

  15. Structure of the Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, etc… • Mensci (articular disk) • pads of cartilage between the articulating ends of bone

  16. Structure of the Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, etc… • Ligaments • helps hold the articular cartilages together

  17. Structure of the Synovial (Diarthroses) Joint: Elbow, Knee, Shoulder, Hip, etc… • Bursae • pillow-like structure formed from the synovial membrane

  18. TYPES AND RANGE OF MOVEMENT AT SYNOVIAL/DIARTHROSES • Angular movements • Flexion • decreases the angle between two bones • “bending” a body part • Extension • increases the angle between two bones • “straightening” a joint

  19. ANGULAR DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • Angular movements • PLANTAR FLEXION • Straightening the Foot • Downward (Points Toes Downward) • DORSIFLEXION • Bending the Foot Upward

  20. ANGULAR DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT Angular movements continued… • Abduction • move a body part away from the midline • Adduction • moves body part toward the midline

  21. CIRCULAR DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS • ROTATION • Bone Pivots Around a Fixed Point • CIRCUMDUCTION • Moves a Body Part so That Its Distal End Describes a Circle

  22. CIRCULAR DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS • SUPINATION • Moves the Forearm so as to Turn the Palm Up • PRONATION • Moves the Forearm so as to Turn the Palm Down

  23. GLIDING DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • GLIDING MOVEMENTS • Sliding Between Flat Surfaces • Carpals & tarsals • Articular facets

  24. GLIDING DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • SPECIAL MOVEMENTS • INVERSION • Turns the Sole of the Foot Inward • EVERSION • Turns the Sole of the Foot Outward

  25. SPECIAL DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • SPECIAL MOVEMENTS continued… • PROTRACTION • Moves a Body Part Forward • Sticking out jaw • RETRACTION • Moves a Body Part Backward

  26. SPECIAL DIARTHROTIC MOVEMENT • SPECIAL MOVEMENTS continued… • ELEVATION • Raises a Body Part • Closing one’s mouth • DEPRESSION • Lowers a Body Part • Opposite of elevation

  27. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL/DIARTHROSES (Moveable) • Uniaxial joints • Biaxial joints • Multiaxial joints

  28. Uniaxial joints-Hinge • Permit movement around one axis and in one plane. • Hinge joints • the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. • Elbows, phalanges, knee • Flexion & Extension

  29. Uniaxial joints-Pivot • Permit movement around one axis and in one plane. • Pivot joints • the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed from the fibrous tissue of a ligament. • Neck turning (1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae) • Rotation

  30. Biaxial Joints-Saddle • Permit movement around two perpendicular axes in 2 perpendicular planes. • Saddle joints • formed between bones whose articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions. • Thumb joint between first metacarpal and carpal bone • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

  31. Biaxial Joints-Condyloid • Permit movement around two perpendicular axes in 2 perpendicular planes. • Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints • a condyle fits into an elliptical socket. • Joint between radius and carpal bones • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

  32. Multiaxial joint-Gliding • Joint that permits movement around 3 or more planes • Gliding joints • articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved • these joints only sliding (back and forth) motion (least movable) • Processes between vertebrae (articular facets) • gliding

  33. Multiaxial joint-Ball and Socket • Joint that permits movement around 3 or more planes • Ball and socket joints • consists of a bone with a slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone • allows for the broadest range of movements. • Shoulder and hip • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction

  34. REPRESENTATIVE SYNOVIAL JOINTS • SHOULDER JOINT • HIP JOINT • KNEE JOINT

  35. SHOULDER JOINT • The Most Moveable Diarthrosis • Reason: Glenoid Cavity (Scapula) Shallow, Head of Humerus Doesn’t Fit Deep

  36. HIP JOINT • The Most Stable Diarthrosis • Reason: Acetabulum (Os Coxa) Deep, Head of Femur Fits Deep

  37. KNEE JOINT • The Major Weight Bearing Diarthrosis • The Most Frequently Injured Diarthrosis • Reasons • Fit Between Femur and Tibia (Condyles) Unstable • Little Muscle Over Knee Joint

  38. Anatomy of the Knee http://www.aclsolutions.com/images/Seif_what is ACL.jpg

  39. Diseases Normal Femur Osteoporotic Head

  40. Resources • http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html • Publisher site: http://evolve.elsevier.com/ProductPage?product=0323016286

  41. Case Study • http://www.recoverymedicine.com/rheumatoid_arthritis.htm • http://www.recoverymedicine.com/tendinitis_bursitis.htm

  42. Classification of JointsStart with LEAST movable

  43. Classification of JointsStart with LEAST movable

More Related