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The Near Middle East. p. 033. The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Kush, by locating these civilizations in time and place; describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery;
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p. 033 The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Kush, by locating these civilizations in time and place; describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery; explaining the development of religious traditions; describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Judaism; explaining the development of language and writing. Objectives
p. 034 Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations. The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists. 3. Language and writing were important cultural innovations. 4. Assyria developed a military machine, conquered an empire, and established imperial administration. Essential Understandings of the Near Middle East
p. 034 What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? What were essential beliefs of Judaism? How did Judaism influence Western civilization? What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations? Essential Questions about the Near Middle East
p. 034 Half the people living today speak languages that stem from the original Indo-European languages. The world’s first alphabet was created, changing written language forever. Judaism developed into one of the world’s major religions. Some leaders still use military force to extend their rule, stamp out opposition and gain wealth and power. Why do I need to know this?
Indo-European Migrations p. 035
p. 035 1. Indo-Europeans(p. 57) – come from the steppes(p. 57) (dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus) 2. semi-nomadic people who tamed horses and rode in light two-wheeled chariots 3. half of all spoken language today can be traced to their language* – modern languages ofEurope, Southwest Asia, and South Asia(p. 57) 4. migrated from the steppes in all direction between 1700 B.C. and 1200 B.C. Indo-Europeans Migrate
p. 035 1. occupied Anatolia(p. 58), also called Asia Minor 2. the city of Hattusas(p. 58) was its capital 3. the Hittites blended(p. 58) their own traditions with those of other more advanced peoples a. their legal code was similar to Hammurabi’s Code, but was more forgiving(p. 58) b. legal system emphasized payments* for breaking the law 4. the Hittites excelled in the technology of war(p. 59) a. the Hittites were able to conquer an empire using the chariot(p. 59) and iron weapons(p. 59) Hittites
The Phoenicians p. 035-037
p. 035 1. settled in present day Lebanon(p. 68) 2. they never united into a country, but remained a loose confederation of city-states 3. they were remarkable shipbuilders and seafarers(p. 68) a. first Mediterranean people to venture out beyond the Strait of Gibraltar(p. 68) The Mediterranean
Strait of Gibraltar Med Sea is 2,400 miles wide
Strait of Gibraltar Africa Spain
p. 035 1. most important city-states were Sidon and Tyre(p. 69) (both known for their production of purple dye(p. 69) ) Berytus (modern day Beirut) and Byblos(p. 69) (a center for trading papyrus) 2. created colonies all along the Mediterranean a. greatest was Carthage(p. 69) in North Africa Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean
The Murex Snail Some 60,000 snails were needed to produce just one pound of purple dye.
p. 037 1. The Alphabet(p. 69) (most important legacy) a. symbols were used to represent sounds(p. 69) b. learning was now more accessible to many more people c. foundation of the Greek* and English* alphabets 2. their far reaching trade (from Britain to China) helped cultural diffusion* 3. bills of sale* (the modern receipt) Worldly Contributions
Phoenician Name • Turn to page 38 and write your name in Phoencian.
Map of the Middle East p. 036 DIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong. Use the map in your book on pages 73 and 85. Page 73 Sidon Tyre Israel (Color in) Judah (Color in) Mediterranean Sea (Color in) Red Sea (Color in) Jerusalem Phoenicia Dead Sea Jordan River Page 85 Nile River Western Desert Nubia Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Memphis Thebes Napata Meroe Arabian Desert
Early Israelites p. 037-039
p. 037 1. the early history of the Hebrews is contained in the Torah(p. 72) (most sacred writings in Judaism) 2. trace origins to Abraham(p. 72) (father of the Hebrews) a. originally from Ur - traveled to Canaan(p. 72) (part of Palestine) 3. the Hebrews were monotheistic(p. 73) - belief in one god 4. Abraham made a covenant(p. 73) with God a. Abraham promised to obey God if God promised to protect Abraham and descendants Beginnings
p. 037 1. the Hebrews moved to Egypt because of a drought(p. 73) and threat of famine (p. 73) 2. first treated well, then forced intoslavery (p. 73) 3. 1200s B.C., Moses(p. 73) led the Israelites out of Egypt a. this fleeing of Egypt is called “the Exodus(p. 73)” 4. during trip back to Canaan, they pledged to obey the Ten Commandments(p. 74) in exchange for a safe journey a. the basis for civil and religious laws of Judaism b. they wandered the desert for 40 years, but returned to Canaan(p. 74) “Let my people go.”
p. 037 • the Hebrews were loosely organized into twelve tribes led by judges(p. 74) • a. one of the most prominent judges was a woman named Deborah(p. 74) The Hebrews are ruled by Judges
Deborah is the only woman to be a Judge of Israel, the equivalent of king. As Judge, she was also leader of the army of Israel. She led the Israelites in a battle against the Canaanites when returning to Israel after the Exodus. The Israelites were badly outnumbered, yet won the battle.
p. 039 • 1. the largest tribe was Judah(p. 75) – Hebrews came to be called Jews and their religion • was called Judaism • 2. from 1020-922 B.C., the twelve tribes united into a kingdom called Israel(p. 75) • a. Saul(p. 75) was the first king • b. King David(p. 75) was very popular • united the tribes • set up a capital at Jerusalem(p. 75) • founded a dynasty • 3. Solomon Builds the Kingdom • a. Solomon was the most powerful(p. 75) of the Hebrew kings • b. beautified Jerusalem through building projects – Solomon’s Temple was built to • glorify God(p. 75) and house the Ark of the Covenant(p. 75) • 4. because of high taxes and forced labor, the kingdom split after Solomon’s death • a. Israel(p. 76) in the north, Judah(p. 76) in the south The Kingdom of Israel
David and Goliath A sling can throw a rock about 1,300 feet (a quarter of a mile).
p. 039 1. the Assyrians(p. 76) conquered Israel in 722 B.C. 2. the Babylonians led by king Nebuchadnezzar(p. 76) conquered Judah by 586 B.C. 3. survivors were exiled to Babylon (kept their religion alive) a. those living in Babylon began meeting on the Sabbath(p. 76) (holy day of rest) b. began the first synagogues* 4. the Persian king, Cyrus the Great(p. 76) conquered Babylon and allowed 40,000 Jews to return to Jerusalem (they rebuilt Solomon’s temple) Babylonian Captivity
Kingdom of Kush p. 039
p. 039 • 1. located south* of Egypt in Africa • learned Egyptian religion, language, • clothing style and customs People of Nubia
The Assyrians p. 041
p. 041 • The Assyrians came from the northern part of Mesopotamia(p.88) • Lacking natural barriers, they repelled invaders by developing a strong army(p.88) • Assyria was a society that glorified military strength(p.88) • Weapons • Wore helmets, leather skirts layered with metal scales • Swords and spears were made out of iron(p.88) • Tactics • Built pontoon bridges to cross deep water • Dug(p.89) beneath a city’s walls to weaken them • Showed no mercy when invading • Soldiers received a bounty for severed heads(p.89) A Mighty Military Machine
p. 041 • The Assyrians organized their conquered territories into an empire • Assyrian kings appointed officials to govern lands closest to Assyria and protected them from invasion by other enemies • New conquered territories brought in taxes and tribute(p.90) • If a conquered people refused to pay, the Assyrians destroyed their cities and sent them into exile • King Sennacherib established Assyria’s capital at Nineveh(p.90), the largest city of its day • held one of the ancient world’s largest libraries(p.90) • King Ashurbanipal(p.90) prided himself on his ability to read in several languages An Expanding Empire
p. 041 • The cruelty of the Assyrians left them many enemies • In 612 BC, an army of Medes and Chaldeans(p.90) burned and leveled Nineveh • Chaldeans made Babylon their capital and King Nebuchadnezzar(p.91) restored it • The most impressive part of his palace may have been the hanging gardens(p.91), built for one of Nebuchadnezzar’s homesick wives • Had bricks of the walls around Babylon inscribed with “I am Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon.” • The Persians(p.91) conquered Nebuchadnezzar’s empire shortly after his death • They adopted many of the Assyrian military, political, and artistic inventions • Used Assyrian organization to strengthen their own empire The Empire Collapses
