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Sedimentary Basins (Part One)

Sedimentary Basins (Part One). What are Sedimentary Basins?. Holes in the ground where sediment accumulates Global distribution: Sub-aerial and submarine. Why are Basins Interesting?. Hydrocarbons: Oil, Gas, Coal Ores & Minerals. Some estimates….

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Sedimentary Basins (Part One)

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  1. Sedimentary Basins(Part One)

  2. What are Sedimentary Basins? Holes in the ground where sediment accumulates Global distribution: Sub-aerial and submarine

  3. Why are Basins Interesting? Hydrocarbons: Oil, Gas, Coal Ores & Minerals

  4. Some estimates… Liquid hydrocarbon production will peak in ~10 years at 30 Billion Barrels per annum, declining to ~5 Billion Barrels per annum by the end of the 21st Century

  5. Keeping up Supply: Polar Exploration?

  6. Keeping up Supply: Deep Water Exploration?

  7. Keeping up Supply: Importance of Technology 1988 and 1995 3D seismic surveys BP Forties Field: Monthly Average Oil Production Rate 1973 Year 2003 Technologies: Seismic Reflection Imaging Deep Water drilling/production Finding: Direct hydrocarbon Indicators Extracting: Mopping up the dregs

  8. Peak Oil: Supply Peaks & Declines Smoothly? Technology buffers decline?

  9. Why does Sediment Accumulate Here?

  10. Basins form through Tectonic Subsidence Accommodation Space Sea-Level Change Tectonic Uplift / Subsidence

  11. World’s Thickest Sediment Accumulations Thickest sediment accumulations are 15 to 20 km Tend to form in enclosed basins supplied by major rivers

  12. Sedimentary basins around Ireland

  13. Probing Sedimentary Basins • Surface sampling and mapping • Topography and bathymetry • Boreholes (<5 km) • Seismic experiments (2D, 3D, 4D) • Earthquake analysis Undeformed basins are subsurface

  14. Very little of a typical underformed basin is accessible by surface sampling / mapping

  15. 12 km Seismic Reflection Imaging Ninian Fault Block, North Sea vertical exageration x3 to x4

  16. Seismic Reflection Imaging Technology

  17. Borehole Records 1. Thicknesses 2. Ages 3. Sediment Composition Reconstruct sediment acccumulation history Hence reconstruct tectonic subsidence history

  18. Stratigraphic Growth

  19. Timing of source maturation: Cumulative Stratigraphy Plot

  20. Sediment Loading Correction

  21. Tectonic Subsidence Curves

  22. Basin Classification: Process ‘Basin Analysis’, Allen & Allen, Chapter 1

  23. Basin Classification: This Course • Extensional basins (60-70%) • Flexural or foreland basins (10-20%) • Basins associated with subduction zones • Other basin types…

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