Governing Global Food Security: The emerging architecture of global food security governance

1. Governing Global Food Security: The emerging architecture of global food security governance Political Economy of Food Centre for Food PolicyCity University, LondonMarch 12, 2012 Jessica Duncan

2. Whatthislecturecovers

3. International Reaction

4. World Food Security Policy: Initiatives

5. World Food Security Policy

6. DominantPolicyActors

8. UnitedNations • UN Secretary General’s High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis (HLTF) • Launched in April 2008 • 22 UN agencies, the World Bank Group, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and OECD • Assistant Secretary-General, David Nabarro = Chair + the Special Representative for Food Security and Nutrition • Director General of the FAO Vice-chairman of Task Force  • The HLTF aims to achieve its objectives through improved coordination at the international and country level without creating any bureaucratic structures or inter-governmental layers. • Key outcome to date: Comprehensive Framework for Action (CFA) • Based on the FAO’s 2003 Anti-Hunger Program • Challenge: Set up as a short term, informal (i.e. no bureaucracy) Task Force, but has not been disbanded. Mandate overlaps with CFS

9. Group of 8 (G8) • The G8 is a forum for the leaders of eight of the world’s most industrialized nations • In July 2008, G8 Leaders meeting in Hokkaido Toyako, Japan: Leaders Statement on Global Food Security • The Statement emphasized the urgency of short-term needs (e.g., access of small-holder farmers to fertilizers), a commitment to increase food aid and investment and recognised the coordinating role of the UN through their support for the High Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis (HLTF). • They also encouraged countries with surplus to released food stocks and called for the removal of export restrictions • 2009 L’Aquila Summit, the G8 issued another declaration highlighting the need to increase agricultural production. • 26 nations and 14 international organizations launched the “L’Aquila” Food Security Initiative. • $22 billion over three years for agricultural investment and agreement •  The approach is articulated around 5 principles: • Investment in country-led plans and processes; • A comprehensive approach to food security that includes support for humanitarian assistance, sustainable agriculture development and nutrition • Strategiccoordination of assistance • A strong role for multilateral institutions • Sustained commitment of financial resources • At the L’Aquila Summit, G8 leaders committed USD20 billion over three years for sustainable agriculture development and safety nets for vulnerable populations through the Aquila Food Security Initiative (AFSI)

10. Group of 20 (G20) • G20 group of 19 most important national economies + EU • Represent around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade and 2/3rd of the world’s population • With the 2008 financial crisis: G20 was the most suitable forum for coordinating responses, effectively taking over from the G8 • At the Pittsburgh Summit (2009), leaders backed the G8’s L’Aquila Food Security Initiative and called for the World Bank to establish the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme Fund to facilitate disbursements • Seoul Summit (2010), under the leadership of French President Sarkozy, the G20 developed a Multi-Year Action Plan on Development with nine key areas for development, including food security • June 2011, the G20 held its first meeting of Agriculture Ministers: (ANOTHER!) Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture • The Action Plan identifies two areas of action: enhance policy coherence and coordination: mitigate the risk in price volatility and enhance protection for the most vulnerable • Includes proposal for AMIS, support for CGIAR to research seed improvement and the need for promotion of market-based risk management tools for vulnerable populations, and a pilot project to establish an emergency regional humanitarian food reserve under the guidance of the WFP • SRRTF: “the roots of the problem remain unaddressed in this action plan” • G20 has effectively “declared itself the de facto coordinator of international development finance” (Wise and Murphy 2012:25)

11. World Bank Group • WB is an international financial institution tasked with providing loans to developing countries to support various programmes • July 2009, the WB released Implementing Agriculture for Development, World Bank Group Agriculture Action Plan: FY2010-12, as follow- up to the World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development • The Action Plan builds on themes outlines in Researching the Rural Poor, the 2003 Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy and follows up on proposals advanced in the World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development • The Action Plan is meant to outline the WB’s commitment food security through improved agricultural production, raising the incomes of the poor, facilitating economic transformation, and environmental services • Other outputs: World Development Reports: Agriculture (2008), Gender and Development (2012); Food Price Volatility (G20) • Hosts and manages a CGIAR Multi-Donor Trust Fund to harmonize donor investments • Increasing role in food security research (FAO) • Trustee of GAFSP • Increasing role in food security funding (IFAD) • Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP) • Increasing role in emergency aid (WFP) • September 2011, the GFRP had approved $1,502.5 million of funding for various projects • Isthe WB encroaching on the mandates of the Rome-based Agencies?

12. GAFSP • In 2010, a fund was set up as part of the L’Aquila commitments, and upon request of the G20 Pittsburgh Summit • The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) was launched as multilateral financing mechanism, held in the World Bank, to assist in the implementations of the pledges made at the L’Aquila Summit • The GAFSP has a coordination unit as well as two funding windows: private sector window and public sector window • The Private Sector Window provides short and long term loans, credit guarantees and equity to support private activities for improving agriculture and development • This window is managed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) (WB) • The Public Sector Window supports strategic country-led or regional programmes that are based on sector-wide consultations and planning exercises • This window is governed by a steering committee comprised of an equal number of donors and recipients as well as non-voting representatives from the Trustee (the World Bank), UN agencies, IFAD, Multilateral Development Banks, and civil society organizations

13. Contributions to GAFSP Private and Public Sector Windows (Pledges and Committed) December 31, 2011 (in millions USD)

15. What are thepolicyimplications and suggestions in thewake of thefoodprice crisis? Summary of Key policies and objectives

16. Dominant policy approach to the food crisis

18. Alternative policy approaches 5 PrinciplesforEndingHunger SRRTF (2011) PolicyOptions IAASTD (2008) Ending subsidies that encourage unsustainable practices Using market and other mechanisms to regulate and generate rewards for agro/environmental services, Long-term land and water use rights/tenure Risk reduction measures (safety nets, credit, insurance) Profitability of recommended technologies are prerequisites for adoption of sustainable practices Common pool resource regimes Modes of governance that emphasize participatory and democratic approaches • Regulate the markets for agricultural products and make them more transparent • Encourage the development of regional storage facilities • Support the provision of public goods • Support strategies based on the right to food • Strengthen global food security governance

19. BroaderContext: A Global Governance Crisis F-words: • Food • Fuel • Financial We can alsoadd: • Environmental

20. Global Governance • Governance is the process of governing. It is the way in which society is managed and how the competing priorities and interests of different groups are reconciled. It includes the formal institutions of government but also informal arrangements. • Governance is concerned with the processes by which citizens participate in decision-making, how government is accountable to its citizens and how society obliges its members to observe its rules and laws. • Governance comprises the mechanisms and processes for citizens and groups to articulate their interests, mediate their differences, and exercise their legal rights and obligations. It is the rules, institutions, and practices that sets limits and provides incentives for individuals, organizations and firms. • FAO. 2009. Discussion Paper: Towards Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land and Other Natural Resources. FAO: Rome • We can add the rules and practices that set limits and incentive for governments.

21. Global Governance: The new worldorder Muldoon (2004) Institutional pillars of global governance (2004: 10) and the “new world order” and the future of international organizations (2004:273)

22. Global Governance • Observable Phenomenon • PoliticalProgramme

23. CommonCharacterists of Global Goverance • Pluricentricrathenthanunicentric • Networks playanimportant role • Networks functiontoorganizerelationsbetweenrelativelyautonomousbutinterdependentactors • Withincontemporarygovernancesystems, relationsbetweenactors pose risks and uncertainties. Sectorshavedevelopedinstitutionstosupportcooperation and reduce risk • Van Kersbergen and Van Waarden (2005:151)

24. Trends in Global Governance • Vertical shifts • Downward (Nation state or international bodies to regional actors or sub-national level) • Upward (Nation state to International Institution with supra-national structure) • Horizontal shifts • Executive and legislative powers to juditiary • Public to Semi-Public or Private Sector • Network Governance

25. Global Governance as a PoliticalProgramme • Neoliberal project • Embedded neoliberalism • Diversity of actors • Shifting roles: state, private sector, civil society, philanthropic • New alliances: G20, G77, African Union, GRULAC, civil society, private sector

26. Global Governance and Food Security: Case Study Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) • Through GASFP, processes of upward and downward vertical shifts are taking place • Countries with an interests in supporting food and agricultural in the world’s poorest countries have shifted their efforts upwards to a global initiative • As the same time, the GAFSP has committed to consult with stakeholders at the country-level, a process illustrative of a downward shift • Here we see, if not a total shift, at least a dependent relationship from a global, or supra-national, organization down to the sub-national level • The GAFSP relies on these consultations and the future implementation of projects by local stakeholders as part of their claim to legitimacy • Limits: productionism, neoliberalism, “don´t bite the hand that feeds”

27. Paradigm shift influencing the new architecture of global food security governance

28. Key Challenges • Global? • Accountability • Legitimacy • Participation • Transparency • Monitoring and evaluation • Policy cohesion (State sovereignty vs. international objectives • Finding agreement amidst diversity: clashing paradigm

29. Whattokeepaneyeon • G20 - Mexican Presidency plans to maintain development & food security focus (AFSI) • Rio +20 • WB – triple-threat • SUN – will nutrition re-surface, if so, what are the implications? • New Executive Director for World Food Programme (WFP) • Committee on World Food Security (focus of next week’s lecture) • RAI negotiations in OEWG of CFS (Chair = Switzerland) • Adoption and implementation of the VG on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGs) – Links to RTF • Negotiations on the Global Strategic Framework (GSF)

30. TakeAwayMessages • Food systems face a governance crisis that extends to a broader crisis of global governance • The architecture of food security governance has shifted in response to the food crisis and with the emergence of new actors • Policy priorities for food security: Emergency aid; Policy cohesion; Increased Productivity; Improved Markets • Multiple interpretations

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