1 / 55

Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language. Memory. Memory - the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Examples:. The Memory Process. Three step process….

yardley
Download Presentation

Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

  2. Memory Memory - the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Examples:

  3. The Memory Process Three step process…. • Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. • Getting the info into the brain • Example: • Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. • Retaining the info • Example: • Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage. • Getting the info back out • Example:

  4. 4 Memory Models • Information Processing Model • Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 stage model • Modified Atkinson-Shiffrin • Connectivism Model

  5. Information Processing Model of Memory • Information Processing Model – • Simplified Memory Model • Encoding – • Storage – • Retrieval – • Analogous to a computer

  6. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Step Model of Memory • Sensory memory – brief recording of sensory information • Example: • Short-term memory – memory that holds few items briefly before info is forgotten • Example • Long –term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory. • Example

  7. Sensory Memory • Sensory Memory - A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information • Examples:. • Iconic Memory – • Echoic Memory –

  8. Short Term Memory • Short –term memory – memory that holds a few items briefly (7 digits +/-2) until it is forgotten or stored Short Term Memory Activity

  9. Long Term Memory • Long-term memory - Unlimited storehouse of knowledge, skills and experiences. • Examples:

  10. Modified Atkinson – Shiffrin (3 Stage) Model • Working Memory –conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial info. and info from long term memory • Our memory sketchpad • Example –

  11. Modified Three-stage Model of Memory

  12. Connectionism Model of Memory • Connectionism – theory that states that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons • Many neurons may work together to process a single memory

  13. How We Encode 2 Types of Encoding • Automatically Processing • Automatic • Parallel • Effortful processing • Rehearsal

  14. Encoding - Automatic Processing Automatic Processing - unconscious encoding of incidental information • Examples: • Time – • space – • Frequency – • well learned info –

  15. Automatic Processing • Parallel Processing – processing of many things simultaneously • Example:

  16. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Effortful Processing –encoding that requires conscious effort and attention • Example: • Rehearsal – conscious repetition of info to encode it for storage • Example:

  17. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • Ebbinghaus Curve - The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning • Overlearning –

  18. Effortful Processing • Spacing effect – distributed study is better for long-term recall than massed study (cramming) • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! • Example: • Testing effect – repeated quizzing or testing improves retention • Example:

  19. Encoding Information • Serial Positioning Effect – we tend to remember the first and last items on a list • Primacy Effect – remember items at the beginning of a list • Example: • Recency Effect – remembering items at the end of a list (most recent • Example: • Rostorff effect – remembering unique items on a list • Example:

  20. Encoding Exercise What We Encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture/visual images. Example – 2. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Example: 3. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. Example:

  21. Encoding Exercise Visual Encoding • Imagery – visual images help us remember concrete words (aided by semantic encoding) Example: • Rosy Retrospection – recalling high points, forgetting theworst • Example:

  22. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics • Mnemonic Devices – any memory aid that uses visual images and organizational devices • EXAMPLES: • Peg word system – memorizing a jingle and using imagery to associate items with the jingle Example: 2. Method of Loci – use visual information with familiar objects on a path to recall info on a list • Example:

  23. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics 3. Hierarchies – broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts • Example: 4. Chunking- Organizing items into familiar, manageable units (acronyms) • Example: Every Good Boy Does Fine 1-800-IBM-HELP

  24. Acoustic Encoding • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Examples:

  25. Semantic Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. • Examples: • Self Reference Effect – the tendency to remember information that is “relevant to me” compared to less personally relevant information • Example:

  26. Storage Types of Memory • Sensory Memory • Iconic • Echoic • Working Memory/Short-term • Long-Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories • Prospective memory

  27. Sensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment • Momentary photographic memory • After flashing an image, participants had a momentary mental image of all 9 letters • Iconic memory – photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second • Examples:

  28. Sensory Memory • Echoic memory – auditory memory lasting no more than a 3-4 seconds (mind’s echo chamber) • Example:

  29. Working/Short-Term Memory • Duration – Brief (30 sec or less) without active processing • Capacity - Limited • The list of magic sevens

  30. Long-Term Memory • Duration – • Capacity -

  31. Types of Long Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories

  32. Types of Long-Term Memory

  33. Implicit Memories • Implicit/Procedural Memories – without conscious recall • Examples: • Conditioned Memories – memories from conditioned learning • Example:

  34. Explicit Memories • Explicit Memories – memories of facts and experiences, consciously recalled • Processed by the Example: • Infantile amnesia– can’t remember events before age 3

  35. Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories- memories of autobiographical events, situations, and experiences • Example: • Semantic Memories – memory of words, meanings, and understandings • Example:

  36. Explicit Memories • FlashbulbMemories – clear moment of a emotionally significant event • Example: • Prospective Memory – remembering to perform a planned action • Example:

  37. Storing Memories Memory trace – memory is distributed across groups of neurons Long Term-Potentiation – Increases in synaptic firing potential of a neuron by increasing the number of receptors on the receiving neuron. • Memory boosting drugs • CREB – • Glutamate –

  38. Amnesia • Amnesia – loss of memory • Retrograde Amnesia – inability to remember past events • Example • Anterograde Amnesia – inability to create new memories • Examples:

  39. Retrieval Recognition - you must identify the target from possible targets Example: • Recall - you must retrieve the information from your memory • Example:

  40. Ways to help you retrieve info • Relearning – learning material for the second time, saves time. • Example: • Retrieval Cues – anchor points used to access target info for retrieval later • Example: • Priming – unconscious activation of associations in memory • Example:

  41. The Context Matters!!! • Mood Congruent Memory – recalling memories consistent with current mood • Example: • State Dependent Memory –learning that takes place in one physiological "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar physiological state • Example:

  42. Context Matters • Context-dependent memory - memory is more easily recalled if you are in the same setting that learning took place • Example: • Déjà vu – eerie sense that you’ve experienced something before • Example:

  43. Forgetting • Encoding Failures • Storage Decay • Retrieval Failures

  44. Forgetting • Schacter’s sevens sins of memory • Sins of Forgetting • Sins of distortion • Sin of intrusion

  45. Encoding Failure Example – What should you do to prevent an encoding failure?

  46. Storage Decay Ebbinghaus Curve Apply the Ebbinghaus curve to Psych Class

  47. Retrieval Failure

  48. Retrieval Failures • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. • Example: • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. • Example: • PORN • Positive Transfer – old info helps you learn new info • Example: • Tip of the tongue phenomenon -

  49. Motivated Forgetting • Motivated Forgetting – revising past memories • Repression – (Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory) • A defense mechanism that banishes painful memories from consciousness to minimize anxiety • Example:

  50. Constructive Memory • Constructed memory (Loftus) - a created memory, altered when encoded or retrieved. • Misinformation effect • Imagination effect • Source amnesia

More Related