Effects of Big Science in Education

Effects of Big Science in Education Corey Goodwin, Kyle Kim, Terry Park, Nora Richter, Mandy Ziffer

Is the cost increase in education related to Big Science?

Big Science and Education in the U.S. • Cold War • Sputnik in 1957 • Wave of education reforms in U.S. • Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) • Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC)

United States

Science Education Programs • Department of Energy • National Academy of Sciences • National Science Education Standards (1996) • National Academy of Engineering (1964) • Institute of Medicine (1970) • National Research Council

National Science Foundation (NSF) • http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/history-nsf/timeline/index.jsp?year=1952

U.S. Spending in Science Education • Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Summary — February 14, 2011 • $300 million for a new round of i3 (Investing in Innovation) grants. • $175 million in competitive grants to boost college completion. • $90 million for a new education research and development program and $60 million more for research and evaluation programs at IES. • Education Department • http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf

U.S. vs. International • National Center for Education Statistics • http://nces.ed.gov/timss/idetimss/exportgenerater.aspx

Europe Education • http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/education/data/main_tables

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) • Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) • 1947 • run the US-financed Marshall Plan • OECD founded 1961 • http://pisa2009.acer.edu.au/interactive.php

Broad National Analysis • How big science has affected education • High School Education • National Universities • National Labs

High School Education • Multiple AP science classes in preparation for college • AP Chemistry • AP Biology • AP Physics B • AP Physics C • Countless hours of lab experience involved

National Universities • Large and impacting labs present in every university • Many important discoveries have been created in university labs • Lyrica – created at northwestern by Richard Silverman

Northwestern University • Beitel Biology Research Laboratory • Morimoto Lab • The Stupp Lab • Backman Lab • Silverman lab • Nanotechnology labs • Biomedical labs • Neurobiology labs • Physics labs • Particle physics labs • Chemistry labs

University of Illinois • Kent labs • Noyes labs • Morrisey labs • Bochemistry labs • Cell and developmental biology labs • Neuroscience labs • Microbiology labs • Molecular biology labs • Chemical biology labs • Inorganic chemistry labs • Organic chemistry labs • Materials chemistry labs • Analytical chemistry labs • Engineering labs • Chemical Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Biomedical engineering • Biomolecular engineering

University Labs • Million dollar budgets • Gigantic labs with hundreds of employees • Silverman Hall • Many universities are heavily research based • Universities attract professors not through academic means, but through a guarantee of lab space

National Labs • National Labs all over the world have summer programs for students to get involved in • Fermi Lab • Oak Ridge National Lab • Los Alamos National Lab • Argonne National Lab

Research at Northwestern • One of the country’s leading private research universities • Annual budget: 1.5 billion • Office for Sponsored Research (OSR) facilitates $556 million additional dollars • Materials Research Center (for Material Research) • Biomedical Engineering • Neuroscience • Nanotechnology • Biotechnology • Drug discovery • Program of African Studies • Performance Studies • Marketing • Institute for Policy Research Partners • Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center • Feinberg School of Medicine • National Laboratories

Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs (DEP) • interlaces the U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory and the academic community • research participation programs directly sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy • intent to promote, develop, and facilitate educational and research interactions among Argonne and interested institutions, organizations and agencies • collaborates to provide educational opportunities for persons at all educational levels • universities • colleges • technical institutes • informal educational centers • consortia • precollege community

K-12 Programs • Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day • NEWTON • Rube Goldberg Machine Contest • Science Careers in Search of Women Conference • Educational Field Trips • Academies Creating Teacher Scientist Programs • Middle School Science Bowl • Teacher Resources/Workshops & Classes • Pre-Service Teacher (PST) Program • Indian Education Renewable Energy Challenge Undergraduate Programs • Fall, spring, and summer undergraduate laboratory internships • Community college student internships • Pre-Service Teacher (PST) Program • Tribal Internship Program • Research Aide Appointments • Cooperative Education • Faculty and Student Team (FAST) Fellowships • Undergraduate Research Experience in Accelerator Physics (Lee Teng Internship) • Indian Education Renewable Energy Challenge

Graduate Programs • Laboratory-Graduate Research Appointments • Guest Graduate Appointments • Thesis-Parts Appointments • Research-Aide Appointments • Cooperative Education • National School on Neutron & X-ray Scattering Faculty Programs • Faculty Research Participation (Short-Term Appointments) • Faculty Research Leave (Sabbatical Leave) • Guest Faculty Research Participation Programs • Faculty & Student Team (FAST) Fellowships Postdoctoral Programs • Argonne Named Postdoctoral Fellowships • Directors Postdoctoral Fellowships • Division Postdoctoral Appointments

International Impact of Big Science

Major International Initiatives • Weaponry • Countries racing against each other • Nuclear weapons • Space Race • Began as countries racing against each other • More recently, countries are working together and promoting unity in the name of science (further international unity) • International Space Station • CERN • OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development • International cooperation – 34 countries involved • Oversee Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry, among many other things • International connectivity in the name promoting and furthering science and technology

CERN • Yes, CERN again. • One of Europe’s major unifying efforts • Countries rely on each other, thus promoting peace and unity in all fields • INTERNATIONAL STABILITY

Stable vs. Instable Nations • Today, in order for a country to be regarded as advanced and reputable, it must boast a dedication to scientific innovation and research • Instability in many countries has hindered their respective abilities to effectively embrace Big Science, as must of the Western World has since WWII • Think Russia pre- and post- Cold War • Think China – recent decades of stagnation vs. centuries of flourishing vs. current improvements

Stability vs. Instability • Big Science has put stable countries at even more of an advantage than they would be at without it – they have the ability to further improve their standards of living, as we have learned is a result of Big Science • broader disparity of wealth • Exploitation of less developed, more tumultuous countries in the name of science • Sierra Leon and Angola: conflict diamonds • Microscopes, computer memory, lasers, drug research and administration

Education: Changes for the Future TP

What is up with schools today? • Teacher tenure debate • New rankings of schools • Everyone agrees that something must be done about the current U.S. education system, but what?

Theories on Education • In the following sections, we’ll look at different ideas about education.

Dan Meyer • High school math teacher • Spoke at TED Talk- “Math class needs a makeover” • Math problems, and by extension, physics and chemistry problems, all share similar shortcomings

Math class needs a makeover • Students are given formulas and told how to find solutions to a problem. • E.g. “A cylinder holds 1 gallon of water. If water is poured in at a rate of 0.5 liters/min, how long will it take to fill the entire cylinder?” • Only required information given • No thinking required

In the Future • The proper method of learning should be a form of active learning • Discover how to solve problems • Formulate answers to real life problems • Encourage discussion of ways to solve problems • Harder to teach this way, since most textbooks teach using the same methods

Sir Ken Robinson • Author and speaker on education • Knighted in 2003 for services to education • Pictures!

Robinson’s Ideas • What does it mean by “ need to raise educational standards”? • Current system based on that of Industrial Revolution • Model of the functioning mind: • Deductive reasoning • Knowledge of the classics • Academic vs Non-academic

Ideas Fig 1. Map of Prescriptions for ADHD Across the U.S. Source: CDC

Robinson’s Ideas • Technology provides more stimulation for children now than ever->academic learning looks boring • Incentives for following educational path? • Job security • Application • Interest • The previous map showed more prescriptions for ADHD in the East side. Why? Possible that over stimulation mistaken for ADHD?

Model of Traditional Education • Children separated by age • Placed in similar sized classes • Starts at 8AM and ends at 3PM • Teach using standard education methods • Evaluate using more and more standardized tests • This is a Factory-Line education

In the Future • Multiple ways to the solution->Don’t stifle creativity • Used to thinking one way that solutions can’t be found • Pictures! • Subjects aren’t separated->Integration of thoughts • Everyone learns differently-> Diversified education • Students learn best through collaboration

Discussion and Plans • Following will be things that are happening now amongst discussions for new plans

National Academies of Sciences • Provides advising about sciences on a national level • Started a series of meetings at the Keck Center of National Academies on Aug 17, 2009 to discuss amongst other things: • Redefining core ideas in science and how they can be taught • New structure for teaching sciences • Share experiences about different teaching methods

U.S. Department of Education • National Educational Technology Plan • Seven Steps: • Strengthen Leadership • Need tech-savvy leaders and programs that incorporate use of more technology • Get students involved in planning process • Consider Innovative Budgeting • Allot a percentage of totally budget for technology • Reallocate budgets that are already out

US Department of Education • Improve Teacher Training • Trained in use of technology, data, and increased accountability 4. Support e-Learning Virtual Schools • Access provided for every student, encourage use of e-learning to meet No Child Left Behind requirements • Encourage Broadband Access • Move Toward Digital Content • Cost saving and allow for connectivity • Integrate Data System • Cut down on administrative costs • Assessment of children on an individual level

National Science Foundation • Program: Computing Education for the 21st Century (CE 21) • Premise: Computer engineering is the basis of a lot of innovative machines today, but there has been a decreasing trend in those in the computer technology related work force • College freshman’s interest in becoming a computer engineer has decreased by 70% over the past decade

NSF [continued] • CE 21 hopes to engage students in K-14 students early on in the computer sciences • Side note: K-14 is a new idea where students are helped to transition into community college after high school graduation, thereby increasing graduation rates • Plan is to fund 3 types of proposals: • Type I: Studies in small scale schools to learn how best to teach and to learn computing and strategies • Type II: Studies in large scale schools • Or any proposals that will help Types I or II succeed

Conclusion • Need a large scale modification (some say “revolution”) of current educational system • Many plans proposed, but most have no concrete solutions • Class Ideas? • Cost • Impact on those involved in the current educational system • Effectiveness

Works Cited • http://www.nationalacademies.org/ • http://www.energy.gov/ • http://www.scied.science.doe.gov/scied/sci_ed.htm • http://objectivistindividualist.blogspot.com/2009/10/effectiveness-of-federal-government.html • http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9865/nsf9865.htm • http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/10facts/edlite-chart.html • http://kevinbenglish.wordpress.com/2009/12/27/estonia-kicks-butt-on-us-science-education/ • http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/main2009/2011451.asp • http://nces.ed.gov/timss/idetimss/report.aspx • http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf • http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/discip07.pdf • http://www.nsf.gov/ • http://www.oecd.org/home/0,3675,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html • http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/europe/09/eu_budget_spending/img/graph_education_466x485.gif • http://newsok.com/technological-advancements-claim-roots-in-wwii-era/article/3174637

Works Cited, cont. • http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html • http://www.time.cokm/time/world/article/0,8599,1712812,00.html • http://www.abazias.com/diamondblog/diamond-news/scientific-and-medical-applications-of-diamonds • http://europa.eu/index_en.htm • http://www.research.northwestern.edu/about/index.htmlhttp://www.dep.anl.gov/ • http://www.research.northwestern.edu/about/index.htmlhttp://www.dep.anl.gov/ • http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Core_Ideas_Homepage.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Science • http://sirkenrobinson.com/skr/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Robinson_(British_author) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZFcDGpL4U • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWUFjb8w9Ps • http://www.ted.com/speakers/dan_meyer.html • http://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/adhd/images/adhd_PrevalenceDataChart.jpg • http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/technology/plan/2004/site/theplan/edlite-Recommendations.html

Effects of Big Science in Education