Daily Agenda: 1. Word of the Day 2. End of the Cold War

1. Daily Agenda: 1. Word of the Day 2. End of the Cold War

2. Word of the Day paucity PAW si tee smallness of quantity; scarcity; scantiness Towards the end of the cold war, the Soviet Union found themselves with a paucity of resources.

3. Identify the major characteristics that define the end of the Cold War

4. The “Evil Empire” and Peace Through Strength • Reagan rejected the old policies of containment and détente-called the Soviet Union the “Evil Empire.” • Believed the only way to win the Cold War was for the Soviet Union to collapse. • Peace Through Strength: Reagan’s Cold War policy • Through massive military buildup ($1.5 trillion in 5 years), U.S. would force the Soviet Union to compete, forcing them to either reform their economic system or face collapse.

5. Cold War Winding Down · Pres. Reagan increased military spending and pursued the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), known as Star Wars, that could shoot down missiles from space.

6. Star Wars

7. A New Soviet Leader • Mikhail Gorbachev assumed leadership of the USSR in 1985. • The Soviet Union was facing economic crisis: • Communist didn’t offer incentives for hard work-the USSR had low industrial & agricultural production. • The USSR spent 50% of its budget on the military, was fighting an expensive war in Afghanistan, & maintained troops and tanks in Eastern Europe. • Soviet leaders had to compete with SDI, which would lead to economic collapse.

8. Gorbachev began three major reforms to save the communist system in the Soviet Union Gorbachev introduced glasnost (“openness”) to encourage freedom of speech & to allow expression of new ideas Perestroika relaxed some gov’t controls over farms and factories to make production more efficient & it allowed citizens to open small businesses Democratization allowed citizens to vote for Communist politicians (but Communists only)

9. In addition to his economic reforms, Gorbachev changed Soviet foreign policy Reagan’s SDI plan forced Gorbachev to admit that the USSR could not keep up with the arms race Gorbachev withdrew Soviet tank divisions from the communist nations in Eastern Europe In 1989, Gorbachev ended the 9 year war in Afghanistan

10. In 1987, Reagan & Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty, calling for the decrease of nuclear weapons. Reagan was able to work with Gorbachev to reduce Cold War tensions

11. Rather than saving the communist system in the USSR & Eastern Europe, Gorbachev’s reforms helped bring an end to communism

12. In 1989, a surge of democratic revolution swept through the Eastern European communist satellites Eastern European nations broke from Soviet control & created democracies Gorbachev did not use the Soviet military to stop these revolutions

13. In 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev at a speech at the Berlin Wall, in which he declared “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” • The Berlin Wall was opened up in Nov. 1989, and Germany reunited under democracy.

14. Ethnic nationalism & desire for democracy led to the break-up of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991 In 1990, the Soviet states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union In 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart & 15 new nations were formed The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War

15. Post-Soviet states in alphabetical order: 1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyzstan; 8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajikistan; 13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan

16. Apply absolute and relative chronology through sequencing the significant individuals, events, and time periods including the end of Cold war, The Persian Gulf War and the War on Terror

17. 1991 End of Cold War What do you remember? • Individuals: Gorbachev and Pres. Reagan • Events: Reagan’s Peace through Strength Program, Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) • Gorbachev’s glasnost (“openness”), Perestroika relaxed some gov’t controls, & Democratization allowed citizens to vote. Gorbachev’s reforms helped bring an end to communism.

18. 1991 End of Cold War(Events Cont.) • INF Treaty, calling for the decrease of nuclear weapons, signed by Reagan and Gorbachev. • Fall of Berlin Wall

19. Persian Gulf War (Jan. 16, 1991 – April 6, 1991) • When Saddam Hussein sent Iraqi military to invade Kuwait, the U.S. feared that Iraq’s ultimate goal was to capture Saudi Arabia for its oil. • The U.S. and a coalition of other U.N. forces imposed economic sanctions on Iraq to try and persuade Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. • When Iraq refused, the coalition launched Operation Desert Storm (Persian Gulf War). • Air attack lasted for 6 weeks; ground attack lasted 100 hours. • Iraq was pushed out of Kuwait and Bush (Sr.) declared victory. Why did the U.S. invade Kuwait? What are they worried about?

20. The War on Terror 2001-Present • Individuals: • Osama Bin Laden, Al- Qaeda vs. George W. Bush (Jr.)

21. Al Qaeda (Individuals Cont.) • Means “the base” • Militant Islam • Islam is subject to wide variety of interpretations, like other world religions. • Although vast majority of Muslims do not condone violence, Islam (as with other religions) has a militant strain. • Definition of ‘Jihad’: Struggle against evil. • Can be personal or public. • Can be through social activism or force.

22. Al Qaeda and the U.S. • Belief that if the US withdraws from the Middle East, stops funding and arming states in the region (e.g. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan), these regimes will fall and allow Islamic governments to take hold. Compares to what policy during the Cold War?

23. September 11, 2001 (Events) • Attack on World Trade Center and Pentagon • Nearly 3,000 dead • Al Qaeda attacked symbol of economic and cultural imperialism OR economic freedom and opportunity… • Osama Bin Ladin Similar to what other attack on the US US response?

24. War on Terror (Events Cont.) • Soon after 9/11, Congress voted to authorize use of force to fight terrorism. • “War on Terror” declared. • “It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.” • Declared any nation aiding terrorists would be regarded as a hostile regime. • Fight terrorism using: • Military force • Freezing assets of suspected terrorists • Create Department of Homeland Security • Patriot Act • War on terror would lead U.S. into 2 wars-Afghanistan and Iraq

25. Explain the significance of the following years as turning points: 1991 Cold War Ends, 2001 Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon Review and Discuss

26. Describe Ronald Reagan’s leadership in domestic and international polices, including Reaganomics (Domestic) and Peace Through Strength (International)

27. Ronald Reagan led the conservative revolution, serving as President from 1980 – 1988. • Talking Points: • Vietnam was a “Noble Cause” • Cold War must be won • American Power to be renewed • Patriotism • Traditionalism • State’s Rights • “Individualism” • Government is too big-BAD! (How does this differ from FDR?)

28. Reagan’s Economic Plan: Reaganomics or “trickle-down economics” • Large tax cuts to to stimulate the economy (supply-side economics) • Higher interest rates to decrease the amount of money in circulation and get inflation under control • Spending cuts to costly social programs • Deregulation of energy, safety standards, and environmental regulations

29. The Reagan Revolution · While the economy grew, the country suffered from a record budget deficit. (Example: $240 billion deficit in 1986) · The budget deficit was caused by a large increase in military spending (largest peacetime military buildup), along with massive tax cuts, which made it impossible to create a balanced budget.

30. Reagan’s Supply-side economics • argues that economic growth can be most effect by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services. • consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices; • Expanding businesses will increase the need for employees • lower marginal tax rates and less regulation (incentives to businesses to stimulate economic growth)*

31. Review Peace Through Strength What is it and how does it change the relationship between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 80’s? Reagan’s increased military spending forces the Soviet Union to restructure. As a result, the Soviet Union dismantles.

32. Compare the impact of energy on the American way of life from the Energy Crisis of the 1970s to the Oil Prices today.

33. 1970s Energy Crisis • During the 1970s, demand for oil in the U.S. increased while domestic production decreased. (what is going to happen?) • Reliance on foreign oil increased. • In 1973 and 1979, oil crises hit the U.S. • Effects? • Higher gas prices • Gasoline rationing • Recession • Domestic oil/gas exploration • Solutions? • Founding of Department of Energy • Alternative energy sources • 55 mph speed limit How does the energy crisis of the 70’s relate to the rising costs of gasoline and political unrest in the middle-east?

34. Describe U.S. involvement in the middle east such as support for Israel, the Camp David Accords, The Iran-Contra Affair, Marines in Lebanon, and the Iran Hostage Crisis

35. Support for Israel • Traditionally the U.S. have supported the nation of Israel since its creation in 1948 • Estimates of U.S. involvement range from 130 million (conservative) to 3 trillion dollars and counting.

36. Camp David Accords 1978 • Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to Camp David to negotiate a peace settlement/create stability in the Middle East (had been in state of war for years). • After 13 days, Carter had negotiated a peace treaty and framework for future negotiations. • Egypt would recognize Israel’s right to exist. • Israel would give control of the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt.

37. Iran Hostage Crisis 1979 • On November 4, 1979, an angry mob of young Islamic revolutionaries overran the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 Americans hostage. • Ally to the U.S. and repressive leader of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi, was forced to flee Iran in Jan., 1979, and a religious leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, set up a theocracy. • In Oct., 1979, President Carter gave permission for the Shah, suffering from cancer, to enter the U.S. for medical treatment. • The students vowed not to release the Americans until the U.S. returned the Shah for trial, along with billions of dollars they claimed he had stolen from the Iranian people. • A few hostages (women, minorities) were released, but 52 Americans remained hostages for over a year. • Carter tried to build pressure on Iran through economic sanctions, froze its assets in the U.S., attempted negotiation, and even sent a failed military rescue mission. • Nothing worked, and even though negotiations started 2 months before his reelection bid, Carter lost in 1980. • Eventually released 444 days later right after Reagan entered office.

38. Iran-Contra scandal • Became public in 1986 that people in Reagan administration were supporting contras (rebel groups) in Nicaragua. • Weapons were being sold to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. • Profits from these sales were sent to the contras in Nicaragua. • Colonel Oliver North testified that he and others attempted to cover up their actions. • Reagan admitted knowing about the sales to Iran, but did not admit to knowledge about the contras.

39. Marines in Lebanon 1982-1984 • U.S. Marines (along with others) arrived as part of a peace keeping mission and to assist and supervise the evacuation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). • American soldiers were not welcomed by “Islamic Jihad”. • 276 Marines were killed on base in an IED attack in 1983. • Troops withdraw in 1984

40. Describe the causes, key organizations, and individuals of the conservative resurgence of the 1980s and 1990s, including Phyllis Schlafly, the Contract with America, the Heritage Foundation, the Moral Majority, and the National Rifle Association (NRA)

41. What is the difference between a conservative and a liberal? • Liberals: • Government should regulate economy and help the disadvantaged in society through welfare programs and higher taxes on the wealthy. • Government should NOT regulate social behavior. • Strongly support free speech and privacy rights, and believe government and religion should not mix. • Conservatives: • Government regulation of the economy should be limited, as it makes the economy less efficient-strong supporters of free enterprise, so oppose high taxes at all income levels and prefer fewer welfare programs. • Government SHOULD regulate social behavior in some instances, and believe religious faith is important to maintain moral society

42. Why did conservatism revive? • Liberal ideologies dominated politics for much of the 20th century, however, a shift to conservatism began with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980-why? • Cold War! • Liberal ideas about the economy were too close to communism. • Communist countries rejected religion, so religious Americans viewed strong faith as a way to defeat communism. • Recession in 1970s • Led many to resent high taxes that were used to pay for New Deal and Great Society programs. • Many believed events such as Iran Hostage Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan made the U.S. look weak on the international stage-wanted tougher military.

43. The Moral Majority • Culture of the 1960s and 1970s worried traditional, religious Americans. • Student protests and hippies • Roe v. Wade • Supreme Court decisions limiting prayer in school • Feminist movement and push for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Phyllis Schlafly, founder of the conservative Eagle Forum, pushed back against the feminist movement with her outspoken criticisms of the ERA • Evangelicals, led by ministers like Billy Graham, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell, used the media to inspire a huge following. • This “Moral Majority” helped register voters and encouraged them to vote for conservative candidates. • Strong opposition to the Gay Rights movement.

44. The Conservative Revolution · Conservatives of the 1980’s felt that “big government” was a problem and that the government should limit costly social programs and not interfere too much with business practices. Phyllis Schlafly Phyllis Schlafly

45. Contract with America • document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign. • Written by Newt Gingrich and Richard Armey, • the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years.

46. Heritage Foundation Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution—a think tank—whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense.

47. National Rifle Association • Originated in 1871, primarily to promotes clubs and education. • Becomes involved in politics in the mid 70s due to increasing controls on businesses and private gun owners, i.e. imposing taxes and licensing gun dealers. • Today they are extremely active in lobbying congress and funding political candidates who support their causes. • Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush are members.

48. Describe significant societal issues like the evangelical movement of the 1980s and the Gay Rights movement of the 1990s

49. Evangelical: • based upon, or following from the Gospels • Popularity grew from televised sermons. • Since the 1980s, the Republican Party has espoused "family values" as a way to capture conservative votes. • The term became widespread following Vice-President Dan Quayle's speech in 1992, when he stated that it was the breakdown of family values that caused the Los Angeles race riots. • The term played a significant role in the re-election of President George W. Bush, who won the support of most Evangelicals in 2004.

50. Gay Rights movement of the 1990s • In 1981, researchers identified a new disease, AIDS. • It was stereotyped as a gay male disease and retribution from God. • Queer Nation is an activist organization founded in March 1990 in New York City, by HIV/AIDS activist from ACT UP. The four founders were outraged at the escalation of anti-gay and lesbian violence on the streets and prejudice in the arts and media. • The goal was the elimination of homophobia, and the increase of gay, lesbian and bisexual visibility through a variety of tactics.