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Upstream Oil & Gas Operations - Drilling Rigs - Well Construction - Well Evaluation

Upstream Oil & Gas Operations - Drilling Rigs - Well Construction - Well Evaluation. January 2014. Drilling Rig Types Constructing the Well Well Evaluation & Data Discussion References and Websites. Drilling Outline. What’s covered in this section…. Drilling.

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Upstream Oil & Gas Operations - Drilling Rigs - Well Construction - Well Evaluation

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  1. Upstream Oil & Gas Operations- Drilling Rigs- Well Construction- Well Evaluation January 2014

  2. Drilling Rig Types • Constructing the Well • Well Evaluation & Data Discussion • References and Websites Drilling Outline What’s covered in this section… Drilling Drilling is that part of the upstream segment of the oil and gas industry that uses a machine (drilling rig) to create holes (usually called boreholes) in the earth that will eventually become an oil or gas well.

  3. Land Drilling Rigs After permitting, before a land-based well can be drilled… • The site must be prepared, including leveling the land on which the derrick will be assembled. • Access roads must be created to get workers and equipment to/from the rig. • Reserve pits need to be dug so cuttings, material and used mud can be stored.

  4. Offshore Drilling Rigs Offshore rigs are small cities with many support functions… • A platform is the term for a drilling and/or production structure that is permanently sited on the seabed. • It may or may not have a drilling or workover rig on the structure. • Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs) it the term used for offshore drilling rigs. They can be submersible, or jack-up rigs (that float to location and then sit on bottom to drill).

  5. Semisubmersible Drillship Rig Selection - Offshore Rigs Water depth plays a big part in how a well will be drilled…

  6. Deepwater Offshore Rigs Pride International now has four ultra-deepwater drillships… • This drillship designed for: • water depths of up to 12,000 feet • a total vertical drilling depth of 40,000 feet • a 1,000 ton capacity hoisting system • living quarters for up to 200 workers • dynamic positioning

  7. Deepwater Importance • Deepwater Gulf of Mexico vital to US: • 25% of US oil from deepwater GOM • 3800 platforms • 72% of GOM production in water over 1000’

  8. Jan 2010, McMoRan announced Davy Jones discovery in only 20 feet of water. Drilled to 28,263 feet, the well has 200 feet of net pay. Davy Jones #2 – now underway - has a proposed total depth of 30,450 feet. Mount Everest 29, 528’ Ultra Deep Wells

  9. Mount Everest Press - PSI Temp - oF 14.7 90 29, 528’ 6,000’ 40 3,500 20,000 400 Game Changer: Ultra Deep - Shenandoah March 2103, Anadarko announces Shenandoah Prospect in 6,000 feet of water. Drilled to 31, 866 feet, the well has 1000 feet of net pay below the salt in Lower Tertiary Trend. Sands appear to “go forever.”

  10. Constructing the Well - Rig Systems A drilling rig has five major components or systems … • Hoisting system • Drill string • Rotary system • Circulating system • Generators Image provided by HowStuffWorks.com

  11. The Drillstring Tubulars are the pipe used to drill the well… • Drill pipe tubulars are commonly found in 30 ft lengths (called joints). • Mud flows through the center of the drill pipe. • Collars are attached to the lower end of the drill string to add weight to the bit and stability. • The bit is attached at the end of the drill string.

  12. Drill Bits The cutting bit is on the bottom of the drill string…

  13. Casing String A simple casing string design… • Casing keeps the borehole walls from caving in. • Casing isolates the well from fresh water aquifers. • Casing and cement keep fluid from one formation from leaking off into a lower-pressure formation. • Casing design starts at the bottom and works backward to the surface. • Casing string ends up looking like a large, long telescope in the earth. Source: EKT Interactive

  14. Cementing Cement is needed to… • Seal the annulus after a casing string has been set, • Seal a lost circulation zone, • Establish a plug in an existing well from which to push off with directional tools, or • Plug a well if it must be abandoned.

  15. Cement Bond Logs Cement bond to formation and casing is essential safety procedure… • Example of intermittent bonding • Cement Bond Logs (CBL) are run on wireline cables and they use acoustic energy to map cement distribution around the casing and verify its compressive strength • The Variable Density Log (orange) indicates cement bond to formation • Wells that do not have reliable hydraulic integrity can leak hydrocarbons to so-called ‘thief’ zones or blow out

  16. The Mud System The Mud System Drilling fluids circulate throughout the rig and well… • Main purposes of drilling mud are to: • Cool and lubricate the bit. • Transport drill cuttings to the surface. • Prevent influx of gas or formation fluid to the borehole. • Protect the drilled surface to prevent contamination.

  17. The Blow Out Preventer - BOP Blow out preventer as seen from the surface… Offshore Onshore

  18. Well - True Vertical Depth (TVD) TVD is a pre-determined depth for a well to reach the pay-zone…

  19. Deviated Wells Deviations steer the well to penetrate ‘sweet spots’ or to avoid hazards

  20. Top Drive Whipstock Directional Drilling Directional drilling is the intentional deviation of a wellbore… • Downhole instruments continuously measure the path of the wellbore in three-dimensions. • Data links to the surface communicate these measurements to allow constant adjustment to the directional bottom-hole components. Top Drive Top Drive Whipstock Whipstock

  21. Horizontal Wells Horizontal wells can extend over a mile… • A 3-D picture/model is essential for planning horizontal applications. • Fortunately new technical options are available to control the cost and time of developing a 3-D image.

  22. Multilateral Wells It’s possible to drill multiple wells off the same vertical borehole… • This technique is specially common offshore or in environmentally sensitive onshore locations. • It reduces the rig footprint.

  23. Drilling Recap of Well Construction What was learned????

  24. Well Evaluation • Well Evaluation Techniques: • Core Samples • Open-hole Logging • - Wireline conveyed • - Logging-while-drilling (LWD) • Mud logging - (Covered in Drilling) Three techniques used to evaluate rock and fluid properties …

  25. Evaluation: Core Samples Coring is a time consuming and expensive process… • Core analysis provides data regarding actual rock porosity, permeability, fluid content, depth and the geological age of the reservoir. • A 60-90 ft core section allows the geologists to examine the actual physical rock and sediment layers in proper sequence and thickness. • Cores are analyzed using SEMs for mineralogy and pore throat analysis. But nowadays they are also tested for Geomechanics data to support completions services.

  26. Open Hole Logging Open-hole logging is accomplished using wireline-conveyed instruments, or Logging-While-Drilling tools that are part of the drill string just above the drill bit

  27. MWD & LWD – Real Time Data While Drilling Data gets sent to the surface for real time analysis and adjustments … • Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) involves sensors at the bottom of the drill string that measure drilling parameters to maximize drilling efficiency. • The purpose of Logging-while-Drilling (LWD) is formation evaluation and ‘geosteering’ …that is, steering the borehole into and through the reservoir ‘sweet spots.” • “Pay zone” is seen just above the horizontal line, water-filled zone just below the line.

  28. Drilling Data Types of Data: Mud logs, Logging-While-Drilling (LWD), Wireline Logging, Daily Drilling Reports, Borehole Mechanics Real Time Operations Center Drilling

  29. Historic Driver of Drilling Activity US rig count as activity indicator… US rig count peaked at 4,530 in 1981 and bottomed at 488 in 1999

  30. To Dig Deeper References to assist in your future work… Websites: • International Association of Drilling Contractors. Represents drilling industry and has useful and educational material on the drilling industry – www.IADC.org • Offshore Rig Locator and Industry Surveys - http://www.ods-petrodata.com/rigs • Industry Rig Count and Glossary from Baker Hughes - http://www.bakerhughes.com/capabilities References:: - “Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production (2nd Edition)”, Norman J. Hyne, Ph.d, Pennwell Corporation, Tulsa, OK 74112. ISBN: 978-0878148233

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