1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION • China's relation with Sudan -> In the focus of the international community • Human Right Movements -> Darfur region (human suffering) • No solutions • Size of the crisis • Cruelty of the crisis • China’s foreign policy • Cause • OIL -> Indispensable for China’s further economic development

2. FIRST CONTACTS AND THE FIRST DECADES Establishing diplomatic connections -> 1959 Cold War -> Third Way For decades -> No real cooperation Breakthrough -> in the 80’s

3. CHINESE AID POLICY Westernaid policy Chineseaid policy For exchange Structural changes, human right situation Mostly raw materials

4. THE REASONS OF THE BREAKTHROUGH 1. • Sudanese Government -> „Need of a partner” • Western oil companies had left • Sanctions, embargos against the country • Outbreak of the civil war • Arrival of Asian companies -> Darfur region (human suffering) • CNPC • Petronas • ONGC • Start of oil production -> way out from even morse serious economic crisis

5. THE REASONS OF THE BREAKTHROUGH 2. • 2nd reason in one sentence -> China’s hunger for oil • 3rd (or 2nd) largest economy • average annual GDP growth rate of over 10% • oil importer from 1993 • its proven oil reserves are small in relation to its consumption • 2009: more than half of the country's total oil consumption coming from abroad • For fuelling the economy, China turned towards possible oil exporters, towards african countries as well. And the processes in Sudan helped their ambitions.

6. OIL PRODUCTION • Oil exploration started -> 1959 by Agip • First findings -> Chevron in 1978 • Western companies suspending operations during the 80’s • CNPC arrives -> Continuing explorations • 1997: pipeline • 1999: First export • 2004: oil production - 304000 barrels/day • From 2006 • The country’s crude oil production almost doubled

7. INTERNATIONAL REACTIONS • Criticization <-> inactivity • ICC 2008 -> accusing al-Bashir • Genocide • crimes against humanity • war crimes • Western companies also helped the regime • UN inactivity -> Nearly meaningless resolutions (Help of China) • Resolution 1769: The first one which could really help • Also weak • Sudan is against the implementation in practice

8. DOUBLE GAME • China is now trying to have it both ways • positive steps towards facilitating peace in Darfur (Sudan) • be careful not to threaten their relationship • China is… • Sudan’s closest economic partner • the leading developer of Sudan’s oil industry and a major purchaser of Sudanese oil • China’s heavy trade and investment in Sudan helped generate a robust 11 percent economic growth rate for Sudan in 2006

9. THE FUTURE? Joint UN-AU mission is not enough for solving problems BUT! China’s relationship with Khartoum, its potential role makes the Asian Giant to be the one who could solve or help to solve the problematic situations The future is questionable -> The Sudanese regime does everything to keep the power (election in April, 2010) A much more energic step from China -> can be the end of the fruitful relationship

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! zolivoros@gmail.com

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