Rise of European Monarchies

1. Rise of European Monarchies

2. Invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups • Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe.

3. Areas of settlement • Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England. • Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. • Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia.

5. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings • Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. • Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.

7. So, • How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influence the development of Europe?

8. European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period.

9. During the early medieval period, kings were rulers only in name--they had very little power • in the 1100’s, many monarchs in Europe began building powerful states with powerful governments

10. Medieval England • England was repeatedly invaded by Germanic tribes from the 400’s until the 1000’s • Angles, Saxons, and Jutes • Danes, Vikings • one king was able to help England defend itself from Viking invasion in the 800’s--King Alfred the Great (871-899)

11. Alfred was an active learner, founding schools and hiring translators to translate books • Alfred also commissioned a history of England to be created--Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

12. King Alfred

13. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was continuously updated for 250 years • England did not fare so well after Alfred’s death--his successors were very weak • 1066: England will be invaded and change hands after King Edward dies • after Edward’s death, three (3) persons in Europe lay claim to the English throne

14. Norman Invasion • William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England. • William, Duke of Normandy was one man who claimed to be the next king of England • he was a cousin to King Edward and a vassal to the king of France • William assembled a large force of men (6,000) and set sail for England • Harold Godwinson was another claiming the throne

15. Norman Invasion • Harold and William fought over the throne at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 • William wins the battle and the throne • he becomes King William I of England • he will also be called William the Conqueror

16. *Although king of England, William still wants to keep the loyalty of his Norman vassals back in France • to keep their loyalty, he gives them land that once belong to Anglo-Saxon churches and nobles • William also sets up a new system of tax collection

17. to get an accurate estimate of how much tax he could collect, he commissioned a census to count every person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st for Europe--Doomsday Book *1066: The Year of Conquest & Making of England: 6th Edition

18. William the Conqueror

19. William will start a new dynasty of rulers in England • Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandson • Henry I greatly increases the power of the monarch • he created a system of royal courts--he was known as the “Lion of Justice” • Henry II (1154-1189): he was the grandson of Henry I • he will continue to improve on the judicial system

20. Henry II establishes common law--law that applied to everyone • Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. • he set up a grand jury to meet with judges • this grand jury gave names to judges of suspected criminals • he also created a petit jury used to find the guilt or innocence of a person who was on trial • he will restructure England’s military • he will improve England’s tax system

21. Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church in England • Henry had appointed one of his friends-Thomas Beckett--as archbishop of Canterbury • Henry does this as a way to get a powerful friend into the Church • Eventually, Henry II will order his friend to be murdered • Beckett does not back Henry when Henry tries to keep others from taking the throne--thus Beckett is murdered

22. The rulers that followed Henry were not as strong as he • his sons--Richard I and John • John loses English land to the French • John does many things that anger the people--raising taxes • 1215--the angry English force John to sign the Magna Carta • the Magna Cartawas a charter that placed limits on the king’s power

23. What the Magna Cartadid: 1.) the king could not raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council 2.) outlawed imprisonment without a fair trial by one’s peers

24. Another important facet of English government will arise in the late 1100 and early 1200’s--Parliament • the rise of Parliament was hinged on the rising middle class in England • this middle class made their money from business, not farming • the king of England--Henry III--added knights and townspeople to the Great Council, eventually called Parliament • Parliament soon included members from the clergy, nobles, and townspeople--making Parliament almost a direct representation of the English people

25. In the 15th century (1400’s) Parliament will have been divided into two houses or chambers: 1.) House of Lords: -nobles and clergy 2.) House of Commons: -knights and townspeople

26. Henry II John Richard I

27. France • France will also develop a very strong monarchy during the Medieval Period • France’s government, however, will not be like the representative government that had been created in England

28. French lands will break up during the time period before the 1000’s • each of these lands was ruled by different lords who were independent of each other • 987: Hugh Capet will seize the throne of France

29. the dynasty created by Capet would last for 300 years • this dynasty greatly strengthened the French monarchy by slowly making the French lords come under the kings’ control • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.

30. Hugh Capet

33. 1100’s: As the French monarchs became more powerful, the number of French towns increase • 1108: King Louis VI becomes king • he will use the French townspeople to help strengthen the royal government • he gave townspeople and members of the clergy high positions in his court

34. Louis VI also gave towns the right to govern themselves--making the towns no longer under feudal obligations • the townspeople were now loyal to the king, not the feudal lords

35. 1180: Phillip II (1180-1223) becomes king of France & doubles its size • he does this through marriage and by retaking land from England • he will also take land away from feudal lords • he appoints local officials who are loyal to the king • both of the above greatly weaken the power of the feudal lords

36. Philip II

37. 1226: Louis IX becomes king of France • he will pass certain laws that further weaken the feudal lords • royal courts had power over the feudal courts • only the king had the right to mint coins • he banned private wars and certain weapons • Louis IX was also very religious • he was made a saint in 1297 • he was a very moral and chivalrous king

38. Phillip IV (aka. Phillip the Fair) also strengthened the power of the French king • he gained even more territory for France by defeating both Flanders and England • he began taxing the clergy • he created the Estates-General--composed of nobles, clergy, and townspeople • French kings will have almost absolute power in France

39. Holy Roman Empire • France and England were becoming very strong states during the Middle Ages • the HRE (modern day Germany), however, still stayed very weak • the HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of the Pope and Italy

40. In the 1000 and 1100, German kings posed real threats to the Pope’s power • King Otto I will try to take over parts of Italy • 961: Otto is able to take over Lombardy, a province in Italy • 962: Pope John XII will ask Otto for help in fighting the Romans who were against the pope • in return for Otto’s help, Pope John made Otto Emperor of the Romans--Holy Roman Emperor

41. With this new title, Otto and his followers had certain powers • they could approve or disapprove the election of popes • the problem with this new power was that the HRE could depose popes while the pope had the right to depose kings--a struggle over who had real power will develop between the HRE and popes

42. Holy Roman Emperors had troubles developing a strong German state because the powerful German princes would not relinquish their power • Many civil wars break out in the HRE • These wars weaken the power of the Emperorsin the HRE

43. 1073: a major dispute occurred between the HRE and the pope • Henry IV was HRE and the pope was Pope Gregory VII • Pope Gregory outlaws lay investiture--the process of lay kings appointing the clergy • Gregory wanted to free the Church from secular control • Henry IV refused to follow the pope because he needed to have power over the bishops to keep power over the feudal lords • upon this, Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry • Gregory also tries to get the German nobles to select another ruler

44. Henry will give in to the Pope and traveled to Rome to repent (1077) • the struggle between the HRE and the pope will continue until the early 1100’s • 1122: the HRE and Pope reach a compromise in the city of Worms, Germany • This meeting stated that the HRE was allowed to name bishops and give bishops land • The Pope, however, had the power to refuse to approve unworthy candidates for bishopship