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Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology. Human Life Span – Birth to Piaget. APGAR Test. Quick Physical test given to newborns at birth] Test is given at 1 & 5 minutes after birth A = Activity or muscle tone. Muscle movements are measured. P= Pulse. Should be over 100 beats per minute

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Developmental Psychology

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  1. Developmental Psychology Human Life Span – Birth to Piaget

  2. APGAR Test • Quick Physical test given to newborns at birth] • Test is given at 1 & 5 minutes after birth • A = Activity or muscle tone. Muscle movements are measured. • P= Pulse. Should be over 100 beats per minute • G= Grimace or reflex irritability. Babies sneeze or cough during suctioning of the mucus. • A= Appearance. Normal skin color. Blue-gray or pale skin is not a good sign. • R= Respiration. Babies should be crying and breathing regularly.

  3. Newborn Reflexes • Babinski Reflex – when the bottom of the foot is stroked the toes flare out and curl back • Moro Reflex – Arms are thrust out and the back is arched in response to sudden noise or movement • Swimming Reflex – If submerged in water for a short period of time, babies hold their breath and pump their arms and legs. • Stepping Reflex – When held over a flat surface infants move feet up & down as if they are walking

  4. SIDS –Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • New research suggest that infants with a low serotonin level are at risk • Serotonin plays a role in breathing, sleeping and waking. • Exhaled carbon dioxide confined around a babies nose and mouth should cause a release of serotonin causing the baby to wake and move their head but if the level is low they don’t wake and inhale the carbon dioxide causing a risk of death. • This is way having infants sleep on their back has reduced number of SIDS-related deaths.

  5. Habituation • Once a stimulus becomes familiar and expected, our sensitivity to it decreases. We do not respond as strongly to it as we did in the beginning. • Example – When first watching a scary movies we react strongly to the frightening scene but however more we watch scary movies the less we respond to the frightening scenes. We have become habituated.

  6. Maturation • The timely and orderly sequence of developmental changes that takes place as a person gets older

  7. Schema • Concept or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. • List 10 things you associate with a picnic. • Your schema of a picnic • Bambi – when he was sniffing the flowers a skunk pokes his head up in the flowers. Since Bambi just learned the word flower he calls the skunk Flower.

  8. Assimilate • Fitting new information into current schemas

  9. Accommodate • The process of accommodation involves altering one’s existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.

  10. Piaget’s Theory • Sensorimotor Stage – Birth to 2 yrs • Differentiates self from objects  Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise  • Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense

  11. Piaget’s Theory • Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 yrs • Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words  • Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others • Classifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color 

  12. Piaget’s Theory Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 yrs • Conservation- The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes to shape. • Children misunderstand conservation in several ways: • Volume - Believe that different sized containers hold different amounts of liquid • Length – When an object’s shape changes its mass. Start with a ball of clay and then make it into a snake the child will believe that some clay is missing • Area – Rearranging parts of an object changes if fundamentally.

  13. Piaget’s Theory Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 yrs • Egocentrism - Children have trouble perceiving things from another’s point of view. • Children display egocentrism in several ways. • Collective Monologues – Children will appear to be talking to each other in a dialogue, but they are really talking about two completely different subjects • Animism – Children believe that nature is alive and controllable by them or their parents. Ex – trees or the sun have feelings • Artificialism – Children believe natural phenomena are created people. Ex – People created the mountains by piling up dirt.

  14. Piaget’s Theory • Concrete Operational – 7 to 11 yrs • Can think logically about objects and events  • Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)  • Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size. 

  15. Piaget’s Theory • Formal Operational – 11 yrs and up • Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically. • Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems 

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