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Lexical Access: Generation & Selection

Lexical Access: Generation & Selection. Main Topic. Listeners as active participants in comprehension process Model system: word recognition. Outline. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access Active Search Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access Autonomy & Interaction. Outline.

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Lexical Access: Generation & Selection

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  1. Lexical Access:Generation & Selection

  2. Main Topic • Listeners as active participants in comprehension process • Model system: word recognition

  3. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  4. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  5. The mental lexicon sport figure sing door carry turf turtle gold turk turkey turn water turbo turquoise turnip turmoil

  6. How do we recognize words? • The Simplest Theory • Take a string of letters/phonemes/syllables, match to word in the mental lexicon • (That’s roughly how word processors work) • …is it plausible?

  7. Word Recognition is Fast • Intuitively immediate - words are recognized before end of word is reached • Speech shadowing at very brief time-lags, ~250ms (Marslen-Wilson 1973, 1975) • Eye-tracking studies indicate effects of access within 200-300ms

  8. Lexical Access is Robust • Succeeds in connected speech • Succeeds in fast speech • Survives masking effects of morphological affixation and phonological processes • Deleted or substituted segments • Speech embedded in noise

  9. But… • Speed and robustness depends on words in contextsentence --> word context effects • In isolation, word recognition is slower and a good deal more fragile, susceptible to error • …but still does not require perfect matching

  10. Questions • How does lexical access proceed out of context? • Why is lexical access fast and robust in context? • When does context affect lexical access? • does it affect early generation (lookup) processes? • does it affect later selection processes?

  11. Classic Experimental Paradigms

  12. Reaction Time Paradigms • Lexical Decision • Priming

  13. List 1sicklecathartic torrid gregarious oxymoron atrophy List 2parabola periodontist preternatural pariah persimmon porous Looking for Words

  14. List 1sicklecathartic torrid gregarious oxymoron atrophy List 2parabola periodontist preternatural pariah persimmon porous Looking for Words Speed of look-up reflects organization of dictionary

  15. Looking for Words +

  16. Looking for Words DASH

  17. Looking for Words +

  18. Looking for Words RASK

  19. Looking for Words +

  20. Looking for Words CURLY

  21. Looking for Words +

  22. Looking for Words PURCE

  23. Looking for Words +

  24. Looking for Words WINDOW

  25. Looking for Words +

  26. Looking for Words DULIP

  27. Looking for Words +

  28. Looking for Words LURID

  29. (Embick et al., 2001)

  30. Looking for Words • Semantically Related Word Pairsdoctor nurse hand finger speak talk sound volume book volume

  31. Looking for Words • In a lexical decision task, responses are faster when a word is preceded by a semantically related word • DOCTOR primes NURSE • Implies semantic organization of dictionary

  32. Outline • Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access • Active Search • Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access • Autonomy & Interaction

  33. Active Recognition • System actively seeks matches to input - does not wait for complete matchThis allows for speed, but …

  34. Cost of Active Search… • Many inappropriate words activated • Inappropriate choices must be rejected • Two Stages of Lexical Accessactivation vs. competitionrecognition vs. selectionproposal vs. disposal

  35. The mental lexicon sport figure sing door carry turf turtle gold turk turkey turn water turbo turquoise turnip turmoil

  36. The mental lexicon sport figure sing door carry turf turtle gold turk turkey turn water turbo turquoise turnip turmoil TURN

  37. Automatic activation sport figure sing door carry turf turtlegold turk turkey water turn turbo turquoise turnip turmoil TURN

  38. Lateral inhibition sport figure sing door carry turf turtle gold turk turkey water turn turbo turquoise turnip turmoil TURN

  39. What is lexical access? Activation Competition Selection/Recognition TURN TURNIP level of activation TURF TURTLE resting level time Stimulus: TURN (e.g. Luce et al. 1990, Norris 1994)

  40. S song story sparrow saunter slow secret sentry etc. Cohort

  41. SP spice spoke spare spin splendid spelling spread etc. Cohort

  42. SPI spit spigot spill spiffy spinaker spirit spin etc. Cohort

  43. SPIN spin spinach spinster spinaker spindle Cohort

  44. SPINA spinach Cohort

  45. SPINA spinach Cohort word uniqueness point

  46. SPINA spinach spinet spineret Cohort

  47. Cross-Modal Priming

  48. Evidence for Cohort Activation KAPITAAL KAPITEIN (Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)

  49. Evidence for Cohort Activation KAPITAAL KAPITEIN KAPIT… (Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)

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