Chapter Learning Objectives

2. Chapter Learning Objectives 1. The basis for the reestablishment of world trade following World War II 2. The importance of balance-of-payment figures to a country’s economy 3. The effects of protectionism on world trade 4. The six types of trade barriers

3. Chapter Learning Objectives 5. The Importance of GATT 6. The importance of World Trade Organization 7. The emergence of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group

4. The International Marketing Environment Foreign Environment (Uncontrollables) 7 1. Competition 7. Structure of Distribution Domestic environment (Uncontrollables) Environmental uncontrollables country market A (Controllables) 1. Competition Price Product 2. Technology Target Market 5. Political- Legal Environmental uncontrollables country market B 6. Geography and Infrastructure Place or Distribution 2 .Technology Promotion 4. Culture Environmental uncontrollables country market C 3. Economy 5. Political- Legal 3. ECONOMY 4. Culture

5. Proliferation of trade and emergence of the global economy Intensification of global competition More emerging markets Developments in technology allow communications with global consumers and movement of goods Introduction

6. Cold war and divide between communist-socialist-capitalist approach to economic development Worldwide economic depression The Marshall Plan for rebuilding Europe Second world war The 20th to the 21st Century First World War

7. Greater cooperation among trading nations GATT via reduction of tariffs and trade barriers GATT replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and new era of free trade Role of Agency for International Development to foster economic growth in the underdeveloped world Greater demand for U.S. goods and services The 20th to the 21st Century Financial and industrial development assistance to rebuild Japan

8. Rapid growth of underdeveloped countries and new global marketing opportunities Rising living standards have created marketing opportunities for firms World Trade Multinationals 3. Resistance over domination of U.S. multinationals 4. Expropriation and domestication of U.S. investments in Latin America 5. In the Europe and Middle East U.S. multinationals were controlled tightly by protectionism laws

9. Resurgence of competition from all over the world challenged the supremacy of American industry Newly industrialized countries (NICs) such as Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong experienced rapid industrialization Economic power evenly distributed with growth of MNCs from other countries World Trade and U.S. Multinationals 4. Establishment of the WTO 5. Integration of European Union countries 6. Creation of NAFTA, AFTA, and APEC

10. 21st Century: The First Decade and Beyond With exception of China, slower economic growth in U.S. and other countries is currently evident. Faster growth rates expected in developing countries such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Russia. More trade expected in emerging markets, regional trade areas, and the established markets in Europe, Japan, Saudi Arabia and U.S. Companies need to be more efficient, improve productivity, expand global reach, and respond quickly. Greater growth in international sales expected by smaller firms.

11. When countries trade there are financial transactions among businesses or consumers of different nations Money constantly flows into and out of a country The system of accounts that records a nation’s international financial transactions is called its balance of payments (BP) It records all financial transactions between a country’s firms, and residents, and the rest of the world usually over a year The BP is maintained on a double-entry bookkeeping system Balance of Payments

12. The BP is the difference between receipts and payments BP Receipts BP Payments • costs of goods imported. • spending by Saudi tourists overseas. • new overseas investments. • cost of foreign military and economic aid. • merchandise and Oil export sales. • money spent by Hajj and Umrah visitors. • transportation. • payments of dividends and interest from FDI abroad. • new foreign investments in the Saudi Arabia. Balance of Payments

13. The BP includes three accounts: Balance of Payments (1) current account—a record of all merchandise exports, imports, and services plus unilateral transfers of funds; (2) the capital account—a record of direct investment, portfolio investment, and short-term capital movements to and from countries; (3) the official reserves account—a record of exports and imports of gold, increases or decreases in foreign exchange, and increases or decreases in liabilities to foreign central banks;

14. If a country’s expenditures consistently exceed its income, its standard of living falls Its exchange rate vis-à-vis foreign monies declines When foreign currencies can be traded for more Rupees Indian products are less expensive for foreign customers and exports of Saudi goods increase Simultaneously foreign products are more expensive for Indian buyers and the demand for imported goods is reduced Balance of Payments and Exchange Rate

15. Protectionism: Logic and Illogic Countries use protectionist measures to shield a country’s markets from intrusion by foreign competition and imports. • Arguments for Protectionism include: • maintain employment and reduce unemployment. • increase of business size, and • retaliation and bargaining. • protection of the home market. • need to keep money at home. • encouragement of capital accumulation. • maintenance of the standard of living and real wages. • conservation of natural resources. • protection of an infant industry • industrialization of a low-wage nation • national defense

16. Arguments 9-11 above are considered valid for protectionism In general, protectionism contributes to industrial inefficiency and makes a nation uncompetitive Protectionism is implemented through the imposition of trade barriers, which include tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers Protectionism: Logic and Illogic

17. Tariff Barriers tend to Increase: • Inflationary pressures • Special interests’ privileges • Government control and political considerations in economic matters • The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity • Tariff Barriers tend to Weaken: • Balance-of-payments positions • Supply-and-demand patterns • International relations (they can start trade wars) • Tariff Barriers tend to Restrict: • Manufacturer’ supply sources • Choices available to consumers • Competition The Impact of Tariff (Tax) Barriers

18. (1) Specific Limitations on Trade: • Quotas • Import Licensing requirements • Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods (local content requirements) • Minimum import price limits • Embargoes Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers • (2) Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: • Valuation systems • Antidumping practices • Tariff classifications • Documentation requirements • Fees

19. (3) Standards: • Standard disparities • Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards • Packaging, labeling, and marking • (4) Government Participation in Trade: • Government procurement policies • Export subsidies • Domestic assistance programs Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers

20. (5) Charges on imports: • Prior import deposit subsidies • Administrative fees • Special supplementary duties • Import credit discriminations • Variable levies • Border taxes • (6) Others: • Voluntary export restraints • Orderly marketing agreements Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers

21. Monetary Barriers In addition to the Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers, monetary barriers are also used by countries • Three types of monetary barriers include: • Blocked currency: Blockage is accomplished by refusing to allow importers to exchange its national currency for the sellers’ currency. • Differential exchange rates: It encourages the importation of goods the government deems desirable and discourages importation of goods the government does not want by adjusting the exchange rate. The exchange rate for importation of a desirable product is favorable and vice-versa • Government approval: In countries where there is a severe shortage of foreign exchange, an exchange permit to import foreign goods is required from the government

22. GATT created as an agency to serve as watchdog over world trade and provide a process to reduce tariffs GATT also provided a mechanism to resolve trade disputes bilaterally • GATT covers three basic areas: • trade shall be conducted on a nondiscriminatory basis; • protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas; and • consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 3. GATT now replaced by the World Trade Organization

23. The objective is to reduce tariffs and other barriers to trade and to eliminate discrimination in trade Principles of WTO non-discrimination Progressive reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers Solving trade disputes through consultation rather than retaliation Unlike GATT, is an institution, not an agreement World Trade Organization (WTO)

24. IMF was created to assist nations in becoming and remaining economically viable It assists countries that seek capital for economic development and restructuring (providing liquidity) IMF loans come with stipulations that borrowing countries slash spending and impose controls to curb inflation It helps maintain stability in the world financial markets Permanent members are USA, Germany, UK, France, Japan Saudi Arabia and China. 15 are elected • Objectives of the IMF include: • stabilization of foreign exchange rates • establish convertible currencies to facilitate international trade • lend money to members in financial trouble The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

25. lending money to countries to finance development projects in education, health, and infrastructure; providing assistance for projects to the poorest developing countries; lending directly to the private sector in developing countries with long-term loans, equity investments, and other financial assistance; provide investors with investment guarantees against “noncommercial risk,” so developing countries will attract FDI; and provide conciliation and arbitration of disputes between governments and foreign investors The goal of WBG is to reduce poverty and the improvement of living standards by promoting sustainable growth and investment in people. World Bank Group (WBG) The functions of the WBG include:

26. environmental concerns worker exploitation and domestic job losses cultural extinction higher oil and high tech. prices diminished sovereignty of nations Competence Form Autonomy Authority Legitimacy Protests Against Global Institutions Over the years, “anti-capitalist protestors” complained against the WTO, and IMF, over the unintended consequences of globalization that include: