1 / 34

Chapter 9 and 10

Chapter 9 and 10. DNA: Genetic Material How Proteins are made. James Watson and Francis Crick. 1950’s Used past experiments done by other scientists Discovered the structure of DNA. Characteristics of DNA. Double Helix (twisted staircase). Nucleotides – make up DNA. Subunits

Download Presentation

Chapter 9 and 10

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 9 and 10 DNA: Genetic Material How Proteins are made

  2. James Watson and Francis Crick • 1950’s • Used past experiments done by other scientists • Discovered the structure of DNA

  3. Characteristics of DNA • Double Helix (twisted staircase)

  4. Nucleotides – make up DNA • Subunits • Contain 3 parts: • A phosphate • A sugar- Deoxyribose • Nitrogen base • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Thiamine (T) • Cytosine (C)

  5. Nucleotide Pairing • http://www.phsuccessnet.com/iText/products/0-13-115075-8/index.html • Adenine pairs with thymine • Guanine pairs with cytosine

  6. 9-3 Replication of DNA • Occurs during what phase of cell cycle? • Steps: • 2 original DNA stands unzip • Free nucleotides in nucleus are added to each strand • Two identical molecules of DNA are formed.

  7. 1. DNA unzips

  8. Animation of DNA replication

  9. Chapter 10: Making Proteins • What is RNA? • It is a copy of DNA • RNA is used to build proteins • Single stranded • No tymine

  10. RNA nucleotides • Ribonucleic Acid • 3 parts: • Sugar: ribose • Single stranded • Nitrogen bases: • Adenine • URACIL • Cytosine • guanine

  11. RNA pairings • Adenine pairs with Uracil • Cytosine pairs with Guanine

  12. Types of RNA • mRNA – messenger RNA • Made in nucleus, strand shape

  13. tRNA – transfer RNA • Found outside nucleus • Carries an amino acid

  14. The cell’s alive, it will survive Transcription and translation are how proteins are synthesized Translation

  15. Step 1 of Protein synthesis • Transcription – construction of mRNA • DNA strands separate a site of needed protein code. • RNA nucleotides are added to DNA. DNA acts as a template. • mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to the ribosome

  16. Illustration of Transcription Biology: Exploring Life

  17. Step 2: Translation • At the ribosome: mRNA is read in groups of 3. • Codon – Group of 3 bases

  18. Translation continued • mRNA is read and interpreted • tRNA receives a message to come to the mRNA at ribosome • tRNA carries an amino acid • (anticodon)

  19. Translation • This continues until the mRNA is read completely • tRNA attaches to mRNA to attach the amino acid to the protein chain • tRNA them detaches leaving behind its amino acid. • Amino acid will form a protein.

  20. Animation of translation

  21. Mutations • Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information • Result from changes in a SINGLE gene (not chromosome abnormality)

  22. Types of Gene mutations • 1. point mutation • One nucleotide affected • Examples: • Substitution • Original - The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Point Mutation - The fat hat ate the wee rat.

  23. Insert example diseases

  24. Types of Mutations • 2. Frameshift mutations – one or more bases are inserted or deleted • More severe type of mutation Insertion: • Original- The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Insertion - The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat. Deletion: • The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Deletion - The fat ate the wee rat.

  25. Human Genome Project (Collins) • A list of the three billion pairs of human genome (DNA) • An international effort • Completed by the July of 2000 – “working draft” • Great implications in the field of medicine. (Cancer, Immune Disorders, Hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis)

  26. DNA Technology (Science) • Recombinant DNA technology – combining genes from two different organisms to make copies of “good” gene.

  27. Steps of Recombinant DNA • Cutting DNA using a RESTRICTION ENZYME

  28. 2. Inserting the desired gene into a vector • Vector – a bacteria (plasmid) or yeast

  29. 3. Cloning of “new DNA”

  30. Applications of Recombinant DNA • Agriculture – frost resistant strawberries • Industry – clean up oil spills • Medicine • Food industry – nutrasweet

  31. DNA fingerprinting • Useful in forensic science • Useful in medicine

  32. Future of medicine • predictive genetic tests for common conditions i.e. cancer • 2020, every tumor will undergo “fingerprinting”, develop drugs to attack the particular gene.

  33. Cloning process ex. Dolly

  34. The process of making Dolly

More Related