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Cool the World with White Roofs: Building and City Cooling Solutions

Learn how white roofs can cool your building, your city, and have a global impact on climate change. Discover the energy efficiency benefits of white roofs and their potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Cool the World with White Roofs: Building and City Cooling Solutions

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  1. Ten Years at the Calif. Energy Commission &White Roofs to Cool your Building, your City and(this is new !) Cool the WorldHaas Executive Education Program Berkeley, CA. April 6, 2011 Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Former Commissioner California Energy Commission. Distinguished Scientist Emeritus Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. AHRosenfeld@LBL.gov 510 495-2227 Presentation available at www.ArtRosenfeld.org File Name Haas ExecEduc 4-6-11

  2. 1970, First Earth Day E/GDP = thousand Btu/$ (in $2000) ArtRosenfeld@gmail.com or PatMcAuliffe@sbcglobal.net

  3. Source: David Goldstein, NRDC, SF

  4. In the United States = 80 power plants of 500 MW each

  5. In the United States

  6. Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements TWh Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh Value of TWh 三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比 120 7.5 100 Air Conditioners 空调 If Energy Star 80 2005 Stds 6.0 Air Conditioners 空调 TWH/Year Value (billion $/year) 2000 Stds 60 4.5 If Energy Star 3.0 40 Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect. Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL 2005 Stds Refrigerators 冰箱 20 1.5 2000 Stds 0 3 Gorges 三峡 Refrigerators 冰箱 3 Gorges 三峡 标准生效后，10年节约电量

  7. Two Energy Agencies in California The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) was formed in 1890 to regulate natural monopolies, like railroads, and later electric and gas utilities. The California Energy Commission (CEC) was formed in 1974 to regulate the environmental side of energy production and use. Now the two agencies work very closely, particularly to delay climate change. The Investor-Owned Utilities, under the guidance of the CPUC, spend “Public Goods Charge” money (rate-payer money) to do everything they can that is cost effective to beat existing standards. The Publicly-Owned utilities (20% of the power), under loose supervision by the CEC, do the same. 11

  8. California Energy Commission Responsibilities Both Regulation and R&D • California Building and Appliance Standards • Started 1977 • Updated every few years • Siting Thermal Power Plants Larger than 50 MW • Forecasting Supply and Demand (electricity and fuels) • Research and Development • ~ $80 million per year • CPUC & CEC are collaborating to introduce communicating electric meters and thermostats that are programmable to respond to time-dependent electric tariffs.

  9. California’s Energy Action Plan • California’s Energy Agencies first adopted an Energy Action Plan in 2003. Central to this is the State’s preferred “Loading Order” for resource expansion. 1. Energy efficiency and Demand Response 2. Renewable Generation, 3. Increased development of affordable & reliable conventional generation 4. Transmission expansion to support all of California’s energy goals. • The Energy Action Plan has been updated since 2003 and provides overall policy direction to the various state agencies involved with the energy sectors

  10. California IOU’s Investment in Energy Efficiency Forecast Crisis Performance Incentives Profits decoupled from sales IRP Market Restructuring 2% of 2004 IOU Electric Revenues Public Goods Charges

  11. Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances 110 = Effective Dates of 100 National Standards Effective Dates of = State Standards 90 Gas Furnaces 80 75% 70 60% Index (1972 = 100) 60 Central A/C 50 SEER = 13 40 Refrigerators 30 25% 20 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org

  12. United States Refrigerator Use, repeated, to compare with Estimated Household Standby Use v. Time 2000 Estimated Standby 1800 Power (per house) 1600 1400 Refrigerator Use per 1978 Cal Standard Unit 1200 1987 Cal Standard Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year) 1000 1980 Cal Standard 2007 STD. 800 1990 Federal 600 Standard 400 1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal 200 Standard 0 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

  13. Televisions Represent Significant Energy Use The residential energy consumption due to televisions rapidly increased from 3-4% in 1990s to 8-10% in 2008. Television energy will grow up to 18% by 2023without regulations. The projected growth does not include the residential energy use by cable boxes, DVD players, internet boxes, Blue Ray, game consoles etc.

  14. Technically Feasible Standards Each point may represent several TV models *Consumers can expect to save between $ 50 - $ 250 over the life of their TV *A 50 inch plasma can consume as little as 307 kWh/yr and as much as 903 kWh/yr

  15. General Purpose Lighting – Proposed Regulations (cont.) Proposed Table K-8: Standards for State-regulated General Services Incandescent Lamps -Tier I Proposed Table K-9: Standards for State-regulated General Services Lamps -Tier II

  16. Demand Response

  17. California is a Summer Peaking Area

  18. Three Necessary Components for Demand Response and Utility Modernization • Advanced Metering Infrastructure • Digital meters with communication • Dynamic Tariffs • Enable customers to be able to respond to hourly prices • The structure of these tariffs is critically important as customers are hoping to reduce total energy costs • Automated Response Technology at customer locations • Enable residential and small commercial customers to respond to price automatically • Larger customers with energy management systems linked to pricing signals over the internet or through other communication channels • When coupled with energy efficiency programs and policies, the result can be a reduction in total consumption as well as peak period consumption

  19. Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)with additional curtailment option Potential Annual Customer Savings: 10 afternoons x 4 hours x 1kw = 40 kWh at 70 cents/kWh = ~$30/year ? 80 Standard TOU 70 Critical Peak Price CPP Price Signal 10x per year Standard Rate 60 Extraordinary Curtailment Signal, < once per year 50 Price (cents/kWh) 40 30 20 10 0 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

  20. Average Residential Response to Critical Peak Pricing Should dynamic rates be offered to all customers? CPP Event 4.5 Control Group 91% Total 69% 22% 4.0 95% 3.5 TOU 65% 30% Fixed Incentive with Controllable Thermostat 3.0 93% 73% 20% CPP-F 2.5 kW 2.0 87% CPP-V 61% 26% 1.5 86% CPP with Controllable Thermostat Info Only 17% 69% 1.0 0.5 0% 20 40 60 80 100% 0.0 Noon 2:30 7:30 Midnight Definitely Probably • Key Results from Residential Pilot • 12% average load reduction for CPP rate alone • Up to 40% with rate + enabling tech • Most participants preferred the pilot rates

  21. Automated Demand ResponseCommercial Customers *Source: Demand Response Research Center, Global Energy Partners

  22. PCT With U-SNAP Interface (front) Source: Tim Simons, Golden Power

  23. PCT With U-SNAP Interface (rear) Advantages of this configuration: Customer decides Flexible “plug and play” Capable of conveying lots of information Source: Tim Simons, Golden Power

  24. Source for following two Slides: • Lester Lave and Maxine Savitz. Relative Costs for 95 new production homes at Premier Gardens in Sacramento; Figs 2.12&13. Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the US; National Academy Press (2010), www.nap.edu

  25. 0.50 $/kWh eq of efficiency investment 0.40 $/kWh of PV $/kWh eq including both efficiency and PV 0.30 $/kWh eq saved 0.20 0.10 0.00 Lakeland Livermore Wheat Ridge Premier Gardens Hathaway House Smith Passivhaus Armory Park del Sol

  26. 35,000 30,000 Premier Gardens Wheat Ridge Armory Park del Sol 25,000 Smith Passivhaus Lakeland Indifference 20,000 Indifference Indifference Annual kWh(eq) including heating load with natural gas converted at 10,000 Btu/kWh Indifference 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Incremental Cost of Efficiency Measures and PVs in $ -5,000

  27. White roofs to cool your buildings, your cities, and (this is new) to cool the earth.

  28. Andrew Isaacs cooling the world with his shiny new white roof in Marin County.

  29. Atmospheric greenhouse effect (i/ii) Sun Earth Absorption by the atmosphere.

  30. Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight 36

  31. Bird’s eye view of urban land use • The surface of Sacramento, CAis about • 20% roofs • 30% vegetation • 40% pavement ~ 1 km2 37 37

  32. Reflective roofs stay cooler in the sun 50 40 30 20 10 0 Galvanized Steel IR-Refl. Black Black Paint White Cement Coat. Temperature Rise (°C) Green Asphalt Shingle Al Roof Coat. Red Clay Tile White Asphalt Shingle White Paint Lt. Red Paint Lt. Green Paint Optical White 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Solar Absorptance 38

  33. White roofs, cool-colored roofs save money OLD NEW AC savings ≈ 15% flat, white AC savings ≈ 5% pitched,cool & colored AC savings ≈ 10% pitched, white

  34. Advanced white roof coatings, membranes White roof coatings, membranes soil rapidly, lose solar reflectance (SR) initial SR ≈ 0.80 aged SR ≈ 0.55 How to keep white roofs clean and reflective? reduce leaching of plasticizers decrease surface roughness & stickiness photocatalyticself-cleaning photoinduced hydrophilicity Both roofs exposed for 9 years in Florida White metal roof stays clean,saving 70% more energy than soiled white coating. 40 40

  35. Bright-whiteshingle SR > 60% today’s cool asphalt shinglesreflect ≈ 25% of sunlight CourtesyElk Corporation Advanced cool-colored asphalt shingles Solar reflectance ≥ 25% • Prototype cool-colored asphalt shingles • reflect up to 35% of sunlight • can save up to 60% more energy

  36. Summer in the city summer urban heat island 42 42

  37. Chicago Heat Wave 1995, 739 DeathsVirtually all of the deaths occurred on the top floors of buildings with black roofs

  38. European Heat Wave 2003, 30,000 Deaths France July 2010, Few Deaths

  39. White roofs around the world

  40. …in Santorini, Greece 46 46

  41. …in Hyderabad, India …and widelyin the state of Gujarat, India. 47 47

  42. Walmart store in northern California 48 48

  43. Congratulations to UC Davis 49 49

  44. White roofs are popular in Tucson, AZ 50 50

  45. Washington, DC (Federal) has problems 51 51

  46. Pentagon 52 52

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