Connective Tissue Components

1. Connective Tissue Components • 3 major components of connective tissue: • 1. Ground substance • 2. Extracellular fibers • 3. Cells • ____________________ __________ = Fibers + Ground substance • Matrix surrounds and separates the cells, providing important structural and nutritional support to them.

3. Connective Tissue Components: Ground Substance • Composed of glycoproteins called __________________ (GAGs) • hyaluronic acid • Helps to orient fiber formation in connective tissue. • Is medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the ______________________. • Acts as ____________-__________________cushion and helps to protect the delicate cells that it surrounds.

4. Fibers of Connective Tissue • Collagenous: • Most common fiber found in the body • Strong, thick bands organized into bundles, composed of ____________ (structural protein). • Resist ____________ forces, so they are found in tendons and ligaments that are continuously being pulled and stretched.

5. Fibers of Connective Tissue • Reticular: • Composed of collagen • Thin, delicate, many ______________. • Form support around highly ____________ organs • endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver • Elastic: • Composed of protein _____________. • Are branched and form networks • Can stretch and are found in tissues that stretch: vocal cords, lungs, skin, blood vessel walls.

6. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Fixed Cells: • Remain in the connective tissue • _____________ & ______________ the matrix • Fibroblasts: • Secrete fibers and ground substance of the matrix • Can reproduce and are metabolically active. • Name is based on ________________. • Chondroblast (cartilage), osteoblast (bone), etc. • As the cells mature and the matrix is formed, cells become less active and suffix is changed to –_________. • Chondrocyte, osteocyte, fibrocyte • Can revert back to blast if more matrix is needed.

7. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Adipose cells/Adipocytes: • Found throughout connective tissue • Resemble fibroblasts early on, but become filled with lipid and swell. • _____________ gets pushed to the side • Adipocytes clustered together form ____________ tissue. • prominent under the skinand in the abdomen

8. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Reticular Cells: • Flat, star-shaped cells that form net-like connections with other cells • Manufacture reticular fibers. • Found in tissues of the immune system: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

9. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Wandering Cells: • Move in and out of connective tissue as needed. • Help ______________ and ______________ the matrix. • Leukoctyes: • Move into connective tissue during periods of infection/inflammation. • Squeeze through the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels (____________________) • Engulf and digest invaders or produce antibodies against them

10. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Wandering cells continued.. • Mast cells • Carry ____________ & ______________granules which initiate inflammatory response when released • Usually found near blood vessels • Macrophages: • __________________ scavengers • Engulfmicrobes, dead cells and debris that are digested by the macrophage’s lysosomes • drawn to sites of infection where they engulf invaders

11. Types of Connective Tissue • Connective Tissue Proper: • Loose Connective Tissue- supports structures that it surrounds, highly cellular • Areolar, Adipose, Reticular • Dense Connective Tissue- reinforces and binds structures, highly fibrous, little vascularization, ground substance, or cells • Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic • Specialized Connective Tissue: • Cartilage • Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage • Bone • Compact, Cancellous • Blood

14. Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Most common type of connective tissue • Surrounds every organ • Acts to support and cushion • Predominant cell is _____________________. • Has “_________” spaces that contain fluid and viscous ground substance • Filling of open spaces during trauma is called ____________.

15. Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose • AKA ________ • Found beneath skin, in bone marrow, in abdomen • Energy storage, insulator, shock absorber • Adipocytespredominate • Cells ____________/_____________ based on amount of lipid being stored in them. • May be classified as: • White: • Described above • Brown: • Found in ______________ and _____________________ animals • Site of heat production, temperature regulation

16. Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular • Framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow • Called __________ • Contains only one type of fiber: _____________ • Many fibroblasts

17. Dense Connective Tissue: Regular • Makes up tendons, ligaments, fascia • Tightly packed,_______________ collagenous fibers • Little vascularization, slow to heal • Little ground substance • Fibroblasts line the collagen bundles • Resists strong pulling forces in ______ direction.

18. Dense Connective Tissue: Irregular • Found in dermis, organ capsules • Forms tough capsule of joints. • Collagenous fibers in thicker bundles than those in denseregular connective tissue. • Sheets of collagen in _____________ directions. • Single sheet that can withstand pulling forces from multiple different directions.

19. Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic • Found in areas of the body that require _____________: • Stomach, artery walls, bladder • Beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract • High concentration of elastic fibers (more than collagen) that are extremely flexible.

20. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage • More rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone. • Prevents bones from rubbing against each other. • Does not contain nerves or blood vessels. • Receives nutrition from ________________. • Chondrocytes live in pockets called _______________. • 3 types of cartilage: • Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage

21. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage • Hyaline Cartilage • Most common type of cartilage found in body. • Found as _____________ cartilage at end of long bones and joints. • Most rigid type of cartilage. • Closely packed collagenous fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone.

22. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage • Elastic Cartilage • Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains __________ fibers • Give it flexibility, ability to bend • Found in pinnae, epiglottis • Fibrocartilage • Found between vertebrae, in pelvis, and in knee joint • Able to handle compression, absorbs __________ • Thick bundles of collagen, but few chondrocytes

23. Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue • Cells- Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts • Matrix – collagenous fibers and calcium salts • ______________- chambers where osteocytes reside • _________________- tiny channels through matrix that allows osteocytes to communicate • Blood Supply- _______________ canals

24. Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood • Most atypical type of connective tissue. • Carries nutrients and gases through the body • Cells: • Erythrocytes (_______ blood cells) • Leukocytes (__________ blood cells) • Thrombocytes (____________) • Matrix: Fluid (___________); fibers are only visible in a ___________ and are known as fibrin.

25. Membranes • Epithelial sheet bound to underlying layer of connective tissue proper*. • Epithelium is bathed in liquid • Types: • Mucous • Serous • Cutaneous • Synovial*

26. Mucous Membranes (mucosa) • Always found lining organs that have connection to ________________ environment. • Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts • Epitheliumcovers the lamina propria(loose areolar connective tissue) • Produces ________________ (exception: urinary tract) • lubrication, defense, reduce friction • Play role in monitoring and controlling what enters into body.

27. Serous Membranes (serosa) • Line walls and cover organs that fill chest and abdomen. • Continuous membrane sheet that is doubled over to form a _____________ and ______________ layer. • simple squamous epithelium + loose connective tissue • ___________is found between the two serosal layers to reduce friction. • Large amount of fluid is called _____________. • Effusion in abdomen is termedascites.

28. Cutaneous Membrane (integument/skin) • Perpetually exposed to environment. • Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called ________________. • Epidermis is attached to underlying dense irregular connective tissue called _______________.

29. Synovial Membranes • Line the cavities of ____________. • Contain no _________________. • composed exclusively of loose adipose connective tissue covered by collagenous fibers and fibroblasts • Manufacture synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces and reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of bones.