Grammar

1. Grammar A few tidbits of info for review 

2. Ch. 1: The Parts of a Sentence • A sentence is a word group that contains • a subject and • a verb and • expresses a complete thought • independent clause • A fragment • does not express a complete thought • subordinate clause

3. Label each word group as a sentence or a fragment. • Sean was chosen captain of his soccer team. • One of the best-known women in American history is Sacagawea. • A member of the Lemhi band of the Shoshone. • A butterfly with bright blue wings and long antennae. • The explorers came across the Lemhis.

4. The Subject and the Predicate • A subject tells whom or what the sentence is about • A predicate tells something about the subject (verb). • Both subjects and predicates have the complete form and the simple form.

5. Identify the subjects and predicates. • My favorite teams compete in the Caribbean Baseball Leagues. • My favorite teamscompete in the Caribbean Baseball Leagues.

6. Identify the subjects and predicates. • People throughout Latin America enjoy going out to a ballgame. • People throughout Latin Americaenjoy going out to a ballgame.

7. Identify the subjects and predicates. • In addition, a number of U.S. players train in the Latin American winter leagues. • In addition, a number of U.S. playerstrain in the Latin American winter leagues.

8. Identify the subjects and predicates. • Each year the teams in Latin America play toward a season championship. • Each year the teams in Latin Americaplay toward a season championship.

9. Identify the subjects and predicates. • On the tiny branch perched a chickadee. • On the tiny branch percheda chickadee.

10. Identify the subjects and predicates. • Before winter many birds fly south. • Before wintermany birdsfly south. • Many birdsfly south before winter.

11. Identify the subjects and predicates. • The small village is near the Arctic Circle. • The small villageis near the Arctic Circle.

12. Identify the subjects and predicates. • Children and nature are honored with their own festivals in Japan. • Children and natureare honored with their own festivals in Japan.

13. Ch.’s 2-3: Parts of Speech • Noun • Pronoun • Adjective • Verb • Adverb • Preposition • Conjunction • Interjection

14. Ch.’s 2-3: Parts of Speech: Noun • Noun: word/word group used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. • Many leaders have been known for their courage and wisdom. • The three-year-old swallowed a balloon. (compound noun) • Sitting Bull and his warriors defeated General Custer and his troops at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

15. Parts of Speech: Pronoun • Pronoun: a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns noun antecedent • Elena read the book and returned it to the library. • The models bought themselves new dresses.

16. Parts of Speech: Personal Pronouns

17. Parts of Speech: Pronouns • Reflexive and Intensive • myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves • Demonstrative • this, that, these, those • Interrogative • what, which, who, whom, whose (introduce Q’s) • Relative • that, which, who, whom, whose (introduce adjective clauses)

18. Parts of Speech: Indefinite Pronouns • all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, each other, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, something

19. Parts of Speech: Adjective • Adjective: a word used to modify (describe) a noun or pronoun • We ran 27 laps around the track. (1) • This weekend, 10 hikers went on a backpacking trip to the national park. (4) • The yellow paint energized the recreation room.

20. Parts of Speech: Adjectives • Articles –a, an, the– can be used as adjectives • How is a gerbil different from a hamster? • This, that, these, and those can be used as adjectives, too • These flags are much more colorful than those banners are.

21. Parts of Speech: Verbs • Verbs: express action (physical or mental) • Verb phrase • helping verb + main verb • Common helping verbs • be, do, have, can, could, would, will… Examples: • Chili cook-offs throughout the Southwest attract fans. • This is a thick, spicy stew. • His music should be heard by you.

22. Parts of Speech: Adverb • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs • Adverbs tell where, when, how, how much, how long • Slowly the man crawled through the hole. • I seldom see you nowadays. • The fire started here. • She has scarcely begun her homework.

23. Parts of Speech: Preposition • Prepositions show relationships of noun or pronoun (the object of the prep.) to another word • The package under the tree is mine. • The package near the tree is mine. • The package next to the tree is mine. • The package in front of the tree is mine.

24. Parts of Speech: Conjunction • Conjunctions join words or groups of words • Coordinating Conjunctions • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) • Correlative conjunctions • both…and • whether…or • either…or • neither…nor • not only…but also

25. Parts of Speech: Interjection • Interjections express emotion • Oh • Wow • Aha • Well

26. Ch. 4: Basic Sentence Structures • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-complex

27. Reminder: • Independent clause: a complete thought that can stand on its own • Subordinate clause: an incomplete thought that cannot stand on its own

28. Ch. 4: Simple Sentence Structure • one independent clause & no subordinate clauses • The hairstylist gave Latrice a new look. • Beth and Sheila won awards.

29. Ch. 4: Compound Sentence Structure • Two or more ind. clauses & no sub cl’s; usually joined by a comma & coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) • Betsy Ross made the first U.S. flag, but little evidence supports this claim. • The whistle blew, the drums rolled, and the crowd cheered.

30. Ch. 4: Complex Sentence Structure • One independent clause and at least one subordinate clause • When I watch Martha Graham’s performances, I feel like studying dance. • In Gone with the Wind, when Scarlett is faced with near-starvation, she vows that she never will be hungry again.

31. Ch. 4: Compound-complex Sentence • Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause • Yolanda began painting only two years ago, but already she has been asked to show one of her paintings at the exhibit that is scheduled for May. • When Bill left, he locked the door, but he forgot to turn off the lights.

32. Ch. 8: Agreement: Subject and Verb • The swarm of bees (has/have) deserted its hive. • The swarm of bees (has/have) deserted its hive. • My spelling lessons and science homework sometimes (take/takes) me hours to finish. • My spelling lessons and science homework sometimes (take/takes) me hours to finish. • Neither Danny Glover nor Morgan Freeman (star/stars) in tonight’s movie. • Neither Danny Glover nor Morgan Freeman (star/stars) in tonight’s movie.

33. Indefinite Pronouns • Singular • anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, nothing, no one, one, somebody, someone, and something • Plural • both, few, many, several • Sing/Pl • all, any, more, most, none, some

34. Ch. 8: Agreement: Subject and Verb • There (is/are) probably a few children who don’t like strawberries. • There (is/are) probably a few children who don’t like strawberries. • Most of the guests (like/likes) the inn’s Irish soda bread. • Most of the guests (like/likes) the inn’s Irish soda bread.

35. Ch. 8: Agreement: Subject and Verb • Both of those varsity players (exercise/exercises) for an hour each day. • Both of those varsity players (exercise/exercises) for an hour each day. • Physics or mathematics (is/are) the subject you should study. • Physics or mathematics (is/are) the subject you should study.

36. Ch. 8: Agreement:Pronoun and Antecedent • Why doesn’t somebody raise (their/his) hand and ask Mr. Smith for directions? • Why doesn’t somebody raise (their/his) hand and ask Mr. Smith for directions? • One of the birds lost most of (its/their) tail feathers. • One of the birds lost most of (its/their) tail feathers. • The Smithsonian’s National Museum had closed (its/their) doors for the day. • The Smithsonian’s National Museum had closed (its/their) doors for the day.

37. Ch. 8: Agreement:Pronoun and Antecedent • I don’t understand how chameleons sitting on green shrubbery change (its/their) color. • I don’t understand how chameleons sitting on green shrubbery change (its/their) color. • The senior class has chosen (its/their) theme for homecoming. • The senior class has chosen (its/their) theme for homecoming.

38. Ch. 10: Using Pronouns Correctly • To (who/whom) did you and Marie send flowers? • To (who/whom) did you and Marie send flowers? • The winners of the science fair were Felicia and (he/him). • The winners of the science fair were Felicia and (he/him). • That TV announcer’s voice always irritates my father and (me/I). • That TV announcer’s voice always irritates my father and (me/I).

39. Ch. 10: Using Pronouns Correctly • (Us/We) teammates have to stick together. • (Us/We) teammates have to stick together. • Aunt Ida bought (us/we) boys some roasted peanuts. • Aunt Ida bought (us/we) boys some roasted peanuts. • Is he the person (who/whom) we met at Dan’s party? • Is he the person (who/whom) we met at Dan’s party? (object…we met whom…)

40. Ch. 10: Using Pronouns Correctly • We split the vegetarian pizza between (he/him) and (I/me). • We split the vegetarian pizza between (he/him) and (I/me). (objects, not subjects) • The little boy asked Neil and (he/him) for help. • The little boy asked Neil and (he/him) for help. • May Kim and I sit next to Terrence and (he/him)? • May Kim and I sit next to Terrence and (he/him)? (object, not subject)

41. Ch. 10: Unclear Pronoun Reference • When Marie met Becca, she had a cold. • Marie had a cold when she met Becca. • Our game was rained out, and the meteorologist said to expect more of it this week. • Our game was rained out, and the meteorologist says to expect more rain this week. • Both the Hattons and the Prices own Persian cats, but that white one is theirs. • …but that white one is the Hattons’.

42. Ch. 10: Unclear Pronoun Reference • I was surprised to see Jo return from the library without borrowing a single one. • …without borrowing a single book. • The soldiers saluted the queen and her family as they passed. • As the soldiers passed, they saluted the queen and her family. • Home from the fishing trip, Paul lifted an ice chest full of them out of the truck. • Home from the fishing trip, Paul lifted an ice chest full of fish out of the truck.

43. Ch. 11: Using Modifiers Correctly • Our math teacher told us that she had been a nurse yesterday. • Our math teacher told us yesterday that she had been a nurse. • We read a story written by Edgar Allen Poe in class. • In class, we read a story written by Edgar Allen Poe. • Destroyed by the fire, the man looked at the charred house. • The man looked at the charred house destroyed by the fire.

44. Ch. 11: Using Modifiers Correctly • After missing the school bus, my mother gave me a ride. • After I missed the school bus, my mother gave me a ride. • The fox escaped from the hounds pursuing it with a crafty maneuver into the hollow tree. • With a crafty maneuver into the hollow tree, the fox escaped from the hounds pursuing it.

45. Ch. 11: Using Modifiers Correctly • Walking through the park, the squirrels chattered and scurried along the path. • As I walked through the park, the squirrels chattered and scurried along the path. • Tearing away his umbrella, Mr. Perez became completely drenched. • When the wind tore away his umbrella, Mr. Perez became completely drenched.

46. Ch. 11: Using Modifiers Correctly • The squid fascinated the students preserved in formaldehyde. • The squid preserved in formaldehyde fascinated the students. • Piling up in snowdrifts, our house was warm and toasty. • While the snow was piling up in snowdrifts, our house was warm and toasty.

47. When will Mom and Dad be home? • When will your mom and dad be home?

48. Ch. 14: Punctuation: Semicolons • Use between independent clauses when they are not joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) • On our first trip to Houston, I wanted to see the Astrodome; my little brother wanted to visit the Johnson Space Center. • Our parents settled the argument for us; they took us to both places.

49. Ch. 14: Punctuation: Semicolons • Use to prevent misreading or confusion: • Our strongest defensive players are Carlos, Will, and Jared and Kareem and Matt are excellent on offense. • Our strongest defensive players are Carlos, Will, and Jared; and Kareem and Matt are excellent on offense. • He was born on September 27, 1983, began school on September 4, 1988, and graduated from high school on May 17, 2001. • He was born on September 27, 1983; began school on September 4, 1988; and graduated from high school on May 17, 2001.

50. Ch. 14: Punctuation: Colons • Use a colon to introduce a list of items; however, never use it after a verb • Minimum equipment for camping is as follows: a bedroll, utensils, warm clothes, sturdy shoes, pocketknife, and rope. • Minimum equipment for camping is a bedroll, utensils, warm clothes, sturdy shoes, pocketknife, and rope.