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The Nature and Method of Economics

The Nature and Method of Economics. Lecture 1 Dominika Milczarek-Andrzejewska. Introduction. Office hours: Thursday 16.45-17.45 , room 401 E-mail: milczarek@wne.uw.edu.pl http:// www.ekonpol.wne.uw.edu.pl Required Textbook: C.R. McCo nn ell and S.L. Brue, Economics

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The Nature and Method of Economics

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  1. The Nature and Method of Economics Lecture 1 Dominika Milczarek-Andrzejewska

  2. Introduction • Office hours:Thursday 16.45-17.45, room 401 • E-mail: milczarek@wne.uw.edu.pl • http://www.ekonpol.wne.uw.edu.pl • Required Textbook: C.R. McConnell and S.L. Brue, Economics • Written exam:multiple choice and open questions

  3. Course outline: • Nature and Method of Economics • Economics as Social Science • Principles of Economic Methodology • Economic Systems • The Economizing Problem • Consumer Behaviour • The Costs of Production

  4. Course outline: • Market Equilibrium • Market Failure and Externalities. Economic Role of Government • Macroeconomics - Basic Concepts • Economic Growth and Economic Development • Employment and Unemployment. Human and Social Capital • International Economics and World Economy

  5. Outline of Lecture 1 • The Economic Perspective • Scarcity and Choice • Rational Behaviour • Benefits and Costs • Why Study Economics?

  6. Definition of Economics Economics is the social science concerned with the efficient use of scarce resources to achieve the maximum satisfaction of economic wants.

  7. Definition of Economics Economics allows to answer very important questions: • What to produce? • How to produce? • For whom?

  8. Definition of Economics Origins of the term: • Directly from Old French word economie meaning “management of a household” • Adopted from Latin word oeconomia and Greek word oikonomia (Oikos meaning house and –nomos meaning managing)

  9. The Economics Perspective • SCARCITY & CHOICE • We „can’t have it all” – decision what we will have and what we must forgo • “There is no free lunch” • alternative use of resources: land, capital, labor • opportunity costs – to get more of one thing you forgo opportunity of getting something else

  10. The Economics Perspective • RATIONAL BEHAVIOR • Pursuing opportunities to increase utility • UTILITY “Pleasure, happiness, satisfaction” • Individuals weigh costs and benefits – their decisions are „rational” (not „random”)

  11. The Economics Perspective • RATIONAL BEHAVIOR • Different choices under different circumstances • Different choices made by different people (different preferences) • self-interest ≠ selfishness • helping family • contributing to charities

  12. The Economics Perspective MARGINAL ANALYSIS Marginal Benefits & Marginal Costs Choices involve changes in the status quo “Marginal” means “extra”, “additional” or “a change in” • For example: • Should you study an extra hour for an exam? • Should government increase or decrease funding for education?

  13. Why Study Economics • Most of the ideologies of the modern world have been shaped by prominent economists of the past: • Adam Smith • David Ricardo • John Stuart Mill • Karl Marx • John Maynard Keynes • plus many modern contributors... • For example, the president of United States benefits from the recommendations of his Council of Economic Advisors

  14. Why Study Economics • Economics for Citizenship • Most of today’s political problems have important economic aspects. • For example: • What level of taxes should we have? • How can we reduce poverty?

  15. Why Study Economics • Professional & Personal Applications • Improvement of analytical tools necessary for business and personal needs. • For example: • Is it more economical to buy or lease a car? • Last but not least: studying economics as an investment

  16. Lecture 2 Economic Methodology • Economics and Other Sciences, • Theoretical Economics and Policy Economics, • Macroeconomics and Microeconomics • Positive and Normative Economics

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