Chapter 16

1. Chapter 16 The World Economy

2. The West’s First Outreach • Rising awareness of the world around them (Crusades) combines with several key disadvantages • Ignorance of wider world • Early explorations (Vikings) unsuccessful • Belief that the world was flat (seriously)

3. New Technology • Explain the importance of each in your notes space: • Round-hulled sailing vessels • Compass • Cartography (mapmaking) • Explosives

4. Portugal and Spain lead the Pack • 1434—Portuguese explore the African coast • Henry the Navigator • Vasco da Gama reaches India (1498) • 1514—Indonesia • 1542—Japan • Spanish fleets move west • Columbus • Amerigo Vespucci • Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the globe

5. Question Slide Characterize early European exploration—motives, methods and interactions with native peoples.

6. Northern European Expeditions • France, England and Holland (Protestants) join the hunt against Spain & Port. (Catholics) • Used lighter, faster ships • Britain permanently weaken Spanish Armada in 1588 (signals end of Spanish domination) • Charter trading companies • Dutch East India Co. • British East India Co. • READ the In Depth section on “Causation and the West’s Expansion”

7. Toward a World Economy • THREE major changes • Columbian Exchange • New Import-Export Patterns • Emergence of new overseas empires

8. Columbian Exchange • Refers to the exchange of plants, animals and disease between the Old World and New World

9. Question Slide Compare the effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Old & New Worlds.

10. West’s Commercial Outreach • West dominates ocean trade routes, but key players from post-classical period retain power • Muslims active in M.E. and Swahili Coast • Indian Ocean trade still has many players • China and Japan remain independent • Profit allows Europeans to : • Defeat Ottomans (only potential, Muslim threat) • Gain more harbors in Africa • Influence formation/colonization of international trade cities (Constantinople, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Nagasaki)

11. Imbalances in World Trade • Intense competition between European nations • Core Nations—profit from world eco., control banking & shipping, import raw materials in exchange for manufactured goods (mercantilism) • Dependent Nations—produce low-cost goods (cash crops) or human labor in return for manufactured goods

12. Question Slide Who are the core nations and dependent nations?

13. International Inequality • Core-dependent system still in place today • Asia and parts of Africa still outside of the c-d system, as were some in Latin America • Rise of coercive labor systems • Racial intermixing in Americas creates new groups (mestizos and mulattoes)

14. How Much World in World Economy? • China—benefits w/out fully participating (rebuffs European efforts at contact) • Japan and Korea—initial interest followed by self-imposed isolation • India (Mughal Empire) encourages European port cities in Indian Ocean trade • Middle East (Ottomans and Safavids) focus on building land-based empires • Russia—still isolated until the 18th century (d@%* Mongolians!)

15. Expansionist Trend • 17th c.—Western traders advancing into India • Trade companies extending influence • 18th c.—Europeans starting to view powerful trade networks (India) as sources for materials and markets as opposed to trade partners • Eastern Europe brought into the fold

16. Colonial Expansion • Establishment of colonies in Americas, parts of Africa and Asia • Balance of power shifting in South Asia

17. The Americas • Advantages—guns, germs, steel (this sounds vaguely familiar…) • Spain colonizes West Indies, C. and S. America • Vasco de Balboa • Francisco Pizarro • Initial control is loosely organized (just here for the booty) but becomes more organized as plantation economies form (we came, we conquered, we farmed)

18. British & French North America • Holy crap this is a long section! To sum it up: • North American colonies are very different form Latin American colonies • English, French and Dutch settlers dominate (variety of motivations to settle N. America) • Value of N. American products small by comparison to L. America (fur vs. silver/gold) • Colonies will eventually become more valuable • Colonies become models of Western styles (more so than L. America), and Western political ideology will shape its future revolutions • Native American groups decimated by disease; slavery shapes southern colonies

19. North America and Western Civ. • Key Western habits transplanted to New World • Family patterns (Americans marries slightly earlier) • Emphasis on children, familial affection (awww…) • Political and economic ideas reflect Western ideals

20. Africa & Asia: Coastal Trading Stations • Africa still largely unexplored—harsh climates, rough rivers, disease • Exceptions—Cape Colony (Boers) • SE Asia—Dutch East India Co. controlled parts of Indonesia and Thailand • S. Asia—Mughals weaken while British and French vie for control • Calcutta • Seven Years War

21. Impact on Western Europe • Competition creates hostility • Creates first “world war”—Seven Years War • Ordinary Europeans benefit from new plants, animals and foods, especially corn, potatoes and sugar (yum, yum and yum)

22. Impact of the New World Order • Coercive labor systems impact New World, west Africa & Eastern Europe • Individuals in many areas profit from trade • Many profit from new goods • Silver improves the economies of many—China, India etc.

23. The World Economy & the World • Its complex (now there’s a shock) • Who wins and who loses? • Who was winning but no longer is? • Who do you think will win in this next unit? • Who cares? (wait, don’t answer that one)