1 / 25

Chapter 16

Chapter 16. Scientific Revolution. What developments contributed to the Scientific Revolution?. Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and were then open to works of Galen, Ptolemy , Archimedes, Plato

neith
Download Presentation

Chapter 16

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 16 Scientific Revolution

  2. What developments contributed to the Scientific Revolution? • Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and were then open to works of Galen, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato • Renaissance artists’ close observation of nature established new standards for the study of natural phenomena • Painters needed knowledge of geometry and anatomy • Da Vinci declared mathematics integral to artists • Proliferation of books spurred innovation • Telescope, microscope • Hermeticism(divinity is in all aspects of nature, magic, mysticism) inspired astrology and alchemy

  3. Group Project • Seven groups (2-3) • You and your partner (or partners) will select a committee from the list to give a brief report on • Summarize how your topic played a part in Scientific Revolution and the emergence of modern science • The report is to be two minutes and done with… • Sock puppets!

  4. Topics • Astronomy • Newton • Medicine • Women • Scientific Method • Science & Religion • Spread of Science

  5. Astronomy Presentation

  6. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Ptolemaic Conception: geocentric, earth at the center • Earth is made of earth, air, fire, water and always changing • Spheres that surround earth are crystalline, transparent, and move in circular orbits (Aristotle said circle=most perfect) • 10 bodies in all, our universe was finite with God/Heaven beyond

  7. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) polish mathematician – not astronomer- used old models, own computations • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Heliocentric conception- sun in center, planets revolve around sun, moon revolves around Earth • Kept circular orbits • Waited until deathbed to publish, scared and embarrassed • Created uncertainty about human role in universe & God’s location • Protestants reacted harshly based on literal translation of Bible

  8. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) • Compiled detailed records of observations and movements of stars and planets • Rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system • Unable to accept Copernicus • Johannes Kepler(1571-1630) • Brahe’s assistant • Three laws • Orbits not circular but elliptical • Speed of planet is greater when it is closer to sun (disproved Aristotle’s idea that motion is steady and fixed) • Planets with larger orbits revolve slower Greatest Mustache in History Nominee

  9. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Mathematician used telescope to observe heavens • The Starry Messenger(1610) • Planets made of similar stuff to ours! Mountains and craters on moon, moons revolving around Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots • Stunned Europeans more than Copernicus and Kepler • Firm believer in heliocentric system • Roman Inquisition ordered Galileo to condemn Copernicus

  10. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) • Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican • Written in Italian, making it more widely available, alarmed church • Found guilty of teaching Copernicus, put under house arrest • Problem of Motion- Aristotle held that an object remained at rest unless a force was applied against it and stopped when force stopped • What power was moving the planets? • Galileo discovered inertia- bodies stay in motion unless deflected by external forces

  11. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • Invented calculus- mathematical means of calculating rates of change • Principia(1686) • Mathematical proofs for law of gravitation • Three laws of motion • Every object in motion stays in motion until deflected • Rate of change of motion is proportional to force against it • Every action has an equal and opposite reaction • Apply to the universe- all can be explained through math • Gravity creates orbits • Widely accepted in England, not so much elsewhere

  12. Isaac Newton Presentation

  13. Galileo vs. Newton • Collins Type II • Track the changes of the thought in astronomy from Ptolemy & Aristotle to Isaac Newton

  14. Medicine Presentation

  15. Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Medicine • Galen • Greek physician in 2nd Century CE influenced all others • Paracelsus(1493-1541) • applied chemical remedies “like cures like” • Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564) • On the Fabric of the Human Body • blood comes from the heart (yes) two kinds of blood (no) • William Harvey(1578-1657) • On the Motion of the Heart and Blood • Blood comes from heart • all same blood in veins and arteries • Blood makes complete circuit

  16. New opportunities for elite women emerged in Humanism • Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) • Aristocrat taught in Humanist schooling • Participant in crucial scientific debates • Excluded from membership in Royal Society • Maria Merian(1647-1717) • Entomologist trained in her father’s workshop • Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam • Maria Winkelmann(1670-1720) • German astronomer, self and family taught • Excluded from Royal Society

  17. Women Presentation

  18. Opportunities for women in science limited… by science • Querelles des femmes- arguments about women • Women argued they were equal to men in ability • 18th century Anatomy “proved” women were designed to bear children and excluded further from learning and science • Modern science saw a male takeover of traditional roles for women like midwivery

  19. DBQ • Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. • Limit yourself to 45 minutes! (that’s a study hall) • T-thesis • A-all • B-bias • L-link • E-evaluate

  20. Scientific Method Presentation

  21. All answers can be found in reason • Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • French lower nobility, Jesuit education, studied law • Discourse on Method (1637) • I think, therefore I am • Emphasis on the mind: only accept things that reason proved • Cartesian dualism: duality between mind and matter, the mind is separate and therefore can study matter with reason • Rationalism: reason and experience are chief sources of knowledge

  22. All answers can be found in reason • Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Empiricism: experiment and induction • Scientific Method: systematic observations and experiments used to arrive at general concepts

  23. Science & Religion Presentation

  24. Science and Religion • Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) • Could not accept separating the mind from matter or God from science • Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner • God is not just the creator of the universe, he IS the universe • Failure to understand God leads to many misconceptions • Women were naturally inferior to women • Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) • Pensées • Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason and emotions- You can’t know everything, only God can • God is a reasonable bet – if he exists, you win, if he doesn’t , you have nothing to lose

  25. Spread of Science Presentation

More Related