ANIMAL SCIENCE

1. ANIMAL SCIENCE

2. Group Project • Beef cattle • Dairy cattle • Equine • Goat • Honeybees • Sheep • Swine • Broilers • Layers • Turkeys • Ducks • Rabbits • Llamas • Aquaculture • Role, importance, scope • # in US • 5 most common breeds • Breed groups • Location of industry in US • Value of industry in US • Names of gender and life stage • Term for giving birth • Common management practices (breeding, feeding, health, facilities, etc.) • Gestation or incubation period

3. Important Terms • Abomasum • Aging • Anatomy • Absorption • Artificial insemination • Breed • Broiler • Candling • Castration • Cecum • Confinement facility • Crossbreeding • Curing • Domestication • Ectothermic • Embryo transfer • Estrus • Exsanguination • Farrowing crate • Fertilization • Gestation • Immobilization • Invertebrate • Lactation • Layer • Homeothermic • Non-ruminant • Omasum • Ovulation • Parturition • Physiology • Puberty • Primal cuts • Reticulum • Ruminant • Rumen • Vertebrate • Wholesale cuts

4. Animal Traits • Part of Kingdom Animalia • Two major groups • Vertebrates – have backbone structure • Phylum Chordata • Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians • Invertebrates – lack backbone • Insects, crustaceans, worms, • Common Traits • Made of many cells • Move about • Get food from other sources • Plants or other animals

5. Main Vertebrate Group Traits • Birds – Class Aves • Feathers • Thin, light-weight bones • Lay fertilized eggs • 4-chamber heart • Homeothermic • Mammals – Class Mammalia • Hair or fur • Give live birth/mammary glands • 4-chamber heart • Homeothermic • Fish • Scales • Gills to filter oxygen • Eggs fertilized after being laid • Ectothermic • Reptiles – Class Reptilia • Scales • Lay fertilized eggs • 4-chamber heart • Ectothermic • Amphibians – Class Amphibia • Smooth or slimy skin • Soft eggs • Complex life cycle • Ectothermic

6. Animal Uses • Most agricultural animals are used for food – meat, milk, and eggs, but animals can be used for other purposes such as: • Clothing (sheep, goats, cattle, llamas, rabbits, etc.) • Power (horses, donkeys) • Recreation and companionship (horses, cats, dogs, etc.) • Medical Research (rodents, primates, rabbits, etc.) • By-products (fats, organs, bones, hide, manure, glands, hooves, horns, hair, etc.)

7. Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rights • Animal welfare supporters emphasize the humane treatment of animals in research, production agriculture, and pet ownership. • Believe animals can and should be used for food. • Sound management practices are important (proper feeding, ventilation, heating and cooling systems, medical care, etc.) • Animal rights activists do not believe animals should be used by humans – and in fact have the same rights are humans. • Attack experimentation, hormone use, confinement operations, management practices (dehorning, castrating), hunting and trapping, entertainment (circuses, rodeos, livestock shows)

8. Anatomy • There are 12 body systems found in most agricultural animals. These systems are made up of a series of organs. Organs are made up of tissue and tissue is made up of cells. • Body Systems • Skeletal Nervous • Muscular Circulatory • Respiratory Reproductive • Mammary Digestive • Excretory Immune • Endocrine Integumentary

9. Skeletal System • Provides frame and support for all other systems • Made up of bones and cartilage • Cartilage protects bones and lubricates joints

10. Nervous System • Transmits information to and from other parts of the body • Central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect to muscles and organs

11. Muscular System • Largest internal body system • Important in movement, respiration, circulation, and digestion • Made organ system used for food (cuts of meat)

12. Circulatory System • Moves digested food, water, and waste throughout the body • Blood is made up of water, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins • Includes heart, arteries, and veins

13. Respiratory System • Responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange • Includes mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungsin terrestrial animals, gills in aquatic animals, and spiracles in insects

14. Reproductive System • Ability of animals in increase number of species • Differences in animals that give live birth and those that lay eggs • Female mammal parts include ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva • Male mammal parts include testicles, scrotum, penis, sheath, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland

15. Mammary System • Found only in females that nurse their young • Made up of glands that create and secrete milk • Vital to dairy industry

16. Digestive System • Prepares food for use by the body • Non-ruminant digestion includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus • Ruminant mammal digestion includes a 4 chamber stomach so animals can digest roughages – rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum • Poultry digestion includes the crop, gizzard, cecum, and vent

17. Excretory System • Rids the body of waste to help maintain the proper balance of water and blood • Wastes include carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen • Organs include kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra

18. Immune System • Defends the body against infection and disease • Organs include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

19. Endocrine System • Includes production of hormones to trigger growth and development of certain parts of the body • Consists of pituitary gland, adrenal gland and pancreas

20. Integumentary System • Protects body from damage • Includes skin, hair, scales, feathers, and nails • Defends against infection, protects against dehydration, perspiration, vitamin D production