MLA CITATION & formatting 2018

1. MLA CITATION & formatting 2018 The formatting style used in the liberal arts and humanities

2. From Research to Writing • Once the information has been gathered and a rough draft has been written, students should follow a specific style of formatting when completing their final draft. • The most current MLA guidelines for formatting the final product can be found in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Eighth Edition. • The MLA Handbook is published by theModern Language Association, the authority on MLA documentation style. • The MLA Handbook gives step-by-step advice on every aspect of writing research papers, from selecting a topic to submitting the completed paper. • What follows here is a summary of the key elements of the documentation style as it will be used by our students in their papers.

3. information for this presentation was taken from the following sources: • THE ONLINE WRITING LAB (OWL) AT PERDUE UNIVERSITY: • https://owl.english.purdue.edu • MLA Citation Guide: • http://www.andyspinks.com/mla/

4. MLA BREAKDOWN TOPICS: • The general format used for a document. • The format used for the first page of a document. • To cite or not to cite, that is the question. • How to cite within a text. • Inserting short and long quotations in a document. • Adding or omitting words in direct quotations. • The Works Cited page. • How to properly cite Shakespearean verse. • How to cite images used within a document.

5. Format: general guidelines • Type on white 8.5” x 11” paper • Double-space everything • Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides (this is the standard default on most word processors) • Include a HEADER with your last name and page number with no punctuation • in the upper right corner, half an inch from the top of the page • Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or similar font like Arial or Tahoma) and left-justify the body of your text • Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch (tab one time)

6. Format: general guidelines …….Continued • Leave only one space after internal punctuation (commas, semi-colons, colons) and two spaces after closing punctuation (period, exclamation points and question marks) • Use italics and proper capitalization for titles of works discussed • Ensure that the information provided in the in-text citation is identical to the resources found on the Works Cited page • Print on one side of the page only

7. Formatting the first page • Create a header in the upper right corner at half an inch from the top and one inch from the right of the page (include your last name and page number; no punctuation) • No title page • Double space everything • In the upper left corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date (in that order) – all double-spaced • **the date should be listed with number, month and year format • with no punctuation. For example; 13 April 2018 • Center the title of the assignment (use standard caps, but no underlining, italics, quotes, or bold)

8. Sample 1st page

9. In-text citations: the two basic parts • MLA uses parenthetical citationswhich include two components: • ONE; THE IN-TEXT CITATION: Whenever a work is cited (referred to in any manner), credit must be given to the author of the work immediately following the borrowed information, whether the information is paraphrased or quoted directly. • TWO; THE WORKS CITED PAGE: The source must also be cited thoroughly at the end of the assignment, in the Works Cited, which is included on a separate page at the end. All cited works must be listed in alphabetical order (by author’s last name) on this page. Formatting for each source may change depending on the types of sources used. Refer to your MLA Citation Guide (which can be found on the Iona website under Library “Links”)for specific information.

10. In-text Example: • AUTHOR MENTIONED IN TEXT: • Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263). ( -just page, author not required) • AUTHOR NOT MENTIONED IN TEXT: • Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”(Wordsworth 263). ( --author and page required) • ------------------------------------------------------------- • Corresponding Works Cited Entry (to be included at the end of the paper, on a separate page): ***USE THE FORMAT BELOW*** • Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads, Oxford UP, 1967, London, pp.263. Print.

11. short quotations..... • If a quotation is four lines or less once it is typed, it is considered to be a short quotation. • It is to be included in line with the rest of the information in the paragraph and introduced with appropriate punctuation. The parenthetical documentation is to follow immediately afterwards along with closing punctuation. • Consider the quotation from the previous slide as an example of a short quotation: • Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings“ (Wordsworth 263). • *THE SECOND PART, THE WORKS CITED ENTRY, WOULD BE ON THE WORKS CITED PAGE*

12. long quotations • If the quoted text is more than four lines typed, it should be put in a separate paragraph (without quotation marks) and the entire quotation should be BLOCKED, or indented by one inch (2 tabs). It should be double-spaced like the rest of the assignment. It is introduced with a colon. • Example: • Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw’sdoor, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how itgot there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out. (Bronte 78) • (note the punctuation before the parenthetical documentation)

13. Adding/omitting words • Square brackets are used to indicate that the words within have been added to a quotation to help clarify information. • In-text example for Adding Words: • Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumour or tale" (78). • Ellipses are used to indicate that words have been omitted from a quotation. • In-text example for Omitting Words: • In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumour or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).

14. The works cited page • At the end of the document, on a separate page (in alphabetical order by the author’s last name) list the works cited in creating the document. • Give the page the title Works Cited and center the title at the top of the page applying standard capitalization rules; this page still hasa Header. • All listings should be double-spaced, with no extra spaces in between listings. The second and subsequent lines of each item should have a hanging indent (tab one time). • List and format all sources cited by referring to the MLA Citation Guide which can be found in the library and on the school’s website.

15. The List of Works Cited (8th Edition)In the current model, the work’s publication format is not considered. Instead of asking, “How do I cite a book (or dvd or web page)?” the writer creates an entry by consulting the MLA’s list of:CORE ELEMENTS (facts common to most works) which are assembled in a specific order as seen in the following slide…. Core Elements Containers Practice Template Each entry in the list of works cited is composed of facts common to most works—the MLA core elements. They are assembled in a specific order. The concept of containers is crucial to MLA style. When the source being documented forms part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. For example, a short story may be contained in an anthology. The short story is the source, and the anthology is the container. Learn how to use the MLA practice template to create entries in the list of works cited. template to create entries in the list of works cited.

16. CORE ELEMENTS: Each entry in the list of works cited iscomposed of facts which are common to most works—the MLA core elements. They are assembled in a specific order,using the punctuation outlined. Not all the elements apply to all works.

17. CONTAINERS (#3) The concept of containers is crucial to MLA style. When the source being documented forms part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. For example, a short story may be contained in an anthology. The short story is the source, and the anthology is the container. On the Works Cited page, the title of the source would have quotation marks around it, while the title of the container would always be italicized.

18. SAMPLE WORKS CITED ENTRIES USING 8TH EDITION MLA

19. CITING SHAKESPEAREAN VERSE IN MLA • The MLA has very specific standards for citing Shakespearean verse in academic papers. • Quotes that are not properly cited could be mistaken for plagiarism, and it's important to learn how to reference the quotes properly. • As with other sources, there are two parts….

20. The first part: the in–text portion for short quotations…. • Place the quotation within the text of the paragraph when using less than three lines from the play. • If you are quoting more than one line from a play, indicate the line breaks with a slash, leaving a space on each side. • The in-text citation should appear before the closing punctuation of the sentence. • After having included the work’s title once, if the paper is only on that work, subsequent in-text citations do not require the title. An example follows….

21. Example of the in-text short quotation…. • As Romeo watches Juliet, he says to himself, “But soft what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the East and Juliet is the sun” (Romeo and Juliet. 2.2.2-3). She cannot hear him because he is hiding in the orchard, but she is thinking of him at the same time.

22. …and for long quotations • Use block quotations for quotes that are four lines or longer. • Format block quotations by beginning a new line and indenting one tab to the right for each verse and maintaining the original formatting from the text. • Do not use quotation marks, and precede the block quotation with a colon. • In-text citations for block quotations should appear after the end punctuation of the quote. • An example follows…..

23. Example of the long quotation… • As Romeo watches Juliet, he says to himself: • But soft what light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with griefThat thou her maid art far more fair than she.Be not her maid, since she is envious. (2.2.2-7)

24. the second part….the works cited • After having included in-text citations, cite the source used on the Works Cited page as you would any other text according to the previously mentioned information.

25. HOW TO PROPERLY CITE IMAGES IN MLA FORMAT • General guidelines for citing an image (including a painting, sculpture, or photograph): • Collect sources. Gather the source information required for MLA documentation for the source medium of the illustration (e.g. print, Web, podcast).

26. …continued • Labels, captions, and source information • Illustrations appear directly embedded in the document. • Each illustration must include a label, a number, a caption and/or source information.

27. ….continued • The illustration label and number should always appear in two places: the document main text (e.g. see fig. 1) and near the illustration itself (Fig. 1). • Captions provide titles or explanatory notes. • Source information documentation will always depend upon the medium of the source illustration. If you provide source information with all of your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

28. On the Works Cited page, provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access. • See the examples that follow….

29. EXAMPLES OF IMAGES CITED IN A WORKS CITED PAGE….. • Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado, www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006. • Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

30. IF AN IMAGE IS ONLY TAKEN FROM AN ON-LINE WEBSITE….. • …then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author. • FOR EXAMPLE…. • Adams, Clifton R. “People relax beside a swimming pool at a country estate near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

31. Final rule • ALWAYS follow your instructor’s guidelines!