The Blue Planet: Understanding the Ocean and Climate Change

1. 016 Chapter 3 frontispiece. The Blue Planet E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA

2. 017 Figure 3.1. The water molecule E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.

3. 018 Figure 3.2. The composition of seawater E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.

4. 019 Figure 3.3. The average annual salinity of ocean surface water, 2005 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NOAA

5. 020 Figure 3.4. Vertical profiles of density, temperature, and salinity through the upper several hundred meters of the ocean E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Denman and Miyake, 1973

6. 021 Figure 3.5. A conductivity, temperature, and depth measurement device E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by E.A. Mathez

7. 022 Figure 3.6. The global ocean surface currents E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994

8. 023 Figure 3.7. False-color satellite image of the Gulf Stream along the eastern United States and its eddies E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: MODIS Atmosphere Team, University of Wisconsin

9. 024 Figure 3.8. The global ocean conveyor system E.A. Mathez, 2009, Clmate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: IPCC, 2001

10. 025 Table 3.1. The water balance of the continents and oceans Region Evapotranspiration Precipitation Runoff (in millimeters/year) Europe/Asia 795 1353 558 Africa 582 696 114 North America 403 645 242 South America 946 1,564 618 All land 480 746 266 Atlantic Ocean 1,133 761 –372 Indian Ocean 1,294 1,043 –251 Pacific Ocean 1,202 1,292 90 All oceans 1,176 1,066 –110 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994

11. 026 Figure 3.9. The correlation between annual maize yield and sea-surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Cane et al., 1994

12. 027 (a) (b) Figure 3.10. Shifts in sea-surface temperatures, winds, and positions of the jet streams in (a) normal and (b) El Niño years E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Krishna Ramanujan, NASA

13. 028 Figure 3.11. Convective atmospheric circulation along the equator, also known as Walker circulation E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Webster, 1983

14. 029 Figure 3.12. The Southern Oscillation Index and corresponding variations in eastern equatorial sea-surface temperature E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: McPhaden et al., 2006