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WELCOME

WELCOME. d'n'sL ck/ fw -;+ lxtf _ P]g, @)&$ sf ] d"ne"t wf / 0ffut kIfx ? / o;df cjnDjGf ul / Psf kmf } hbf /L Gofosf l;4fGtx?M Ps 5nkmn. 8f= / lht eQm k|wfgf Ë jl /i7 clwjQmf tyf k|fWofks. 5nkmnsf ljifox ¿. !_ ljifo k|j ]z

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WELCOME

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  1. WELCOME

  2. d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] d"ne"twf/0ffutkIfx? / o;dfcjnDjGful/Psfkmf}hbf/L Gofosfl;4fGtx?M Ps 5nkmn 8f= /lhteQmk|wfgfË jl/i7 clwjQmftyfk|fWofks

  3. 5nkmnsf ljifox¿ !_ ljifok|j]z @= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] ;+/rgf / ltgsf] d'ne'tk|fjwfgx? #= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ dfkmf}hbf/L sfg"gsfwf/0ffutkIfx¿ $= cfk/flwsbfloTjsf] kl/efiff / juL{s/0f %= ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / o:sf] cfjZolsotTjx?

  4. ^= ck/fwsf] cfjZosTfTjx? &= ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f *= ck/fwdf ;xeflutf / ltgsf] juL{s/0f ( ck"0f{ cfk/flwsbfloTjtyfltgsf] juL{s/0f !)= kmf}hbf/L Gofosfl;4fGtx? !!= pk;+xf/

  5. != ljifok|j]z • g]kfndfkmf}hbf/L sfg"g / kmf}hbf/L Gofok|zf;gnfO{ kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{ y'k|} k|of;x¿ ;do–;dodfx'Fb} cfPsf5g\ . • d'n'sLP]g, !(!) – klxnf] lnlvtsfg"g, • d'n'sL P]g, !(!) n] g]kfndf 5l/P/ /x]sf / g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kl5 g]kfnsfljleGgclw/fHo, /fHox¿dfk|rngdf /x]sflxGb" wd{ zf:q, k|yf, k|rng, k/Dk/f Pj+ ;gb, ;jfnx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f,

  6. d'n'sL P]g, !(!) d'Vo ;|f]tsf] ?kdflxGb"wd{zf:q /x]sf] / wd{zf:qn] g;d]6]sf s'/fx¿ k|yf / k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdfljsl;tePsfk|yf / k/Dk/f cfwf/l/t eO{ ljsl;tePsf] Joj:yfx¿nfO{ g} Plss/0ful/Psf] • d'n'sL P]g, !(!) agfpgsf] nflu P]g sfplG;nsf] u7g, • O= ;+= !*@@ sfhL ph"/ l;+x ;+lxtfs/0fug{] lhDdf, • ph"/ l;+x ;+lxtf – k|:tfljt w]/} Joj:yfx? d'n'sL P]gdf ;dflxt .

  7. d'n'sL P]g, !(!) dfs'g} sfg"gLk|0ffnLjfs'g} b]zdfk|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gLk|0ffnLsf] k|ToIfk|efj /x]sf] lyPg . – lxGb'wd{zf:q, k/Dk/futk|yftyf l/ltl/jfhdfcfwfl/t • d'n'sL P]g, !(!) ag]sf] em08} !^$ jif{ k'uL ;Sbfklgo;n] ;'?jft u/]sfk|0ffnL, sfg"g / l;4fGteGbf k/ xfdLhfg ;s]sf 5}gf} . • @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5sfg"gnfO{ cfw'lgs/0f(Modernization), k|hftflGqs/0f(Democratization), ;+lxtfs/0f(Codification) ug]{ k|lqmofx¿ z'? ePtfklgxfdLdfljBdfgtfePsf] æd'n'sL P]g dfgl;stfÆaf6xfdLvf;} kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf 5}gf}.

  8. ;+lxtfs/0f(codification), cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] dx;"; u/]sf] ePtfklg of] Hofb} 7"nf] lnlvtx? ePsf]n] ljz]if kxn / ;j{;DdtljgfaGg / nfu" x'g ;Qm}g . • Joj:yflksf ;+;bdfk|j]z ePsf % j6f ;+lxtfnfO{ kfl/t ug{] h'ghdsf{] ;+;bn] u/]sf] of] Hofb} ;¥xflgo / P]ltxfl;ssfo{ef/ – gofFo'usf] yfngL / ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf] ;'?jftLljGb'

  9. ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / hf/L kl5 bf];|f] 7"nf] sfo{ef/sf] ?kdfxfn ;+;bdfljrf/flwg /x]sfkmf}hbf/L sfg"gtyf b]jfgLsfg"gkl/dfh{g Pj+ ;+lxtfs/0fsf nflu k|:t'teO/x]sf] k|:tfljtkmf}hbf/L ljw]osx?nfO{ kfl/t eO{ d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ gfdfs/0f u/L ldlt @)&$ c;f]h #) ut] /fi6«kltaf6k|dfl0fteO{ @)&% efb| ! ut] b]lvnfu' x'g] ePsf] 5 .

  10. s'g} klg /fHodfk|hftGq(Democracy) ljsl;tPj+ ;+:yfutx'gsfg"gL /fh(Rule of Law) ljgf ;dfhdfljsf;, ;DkGgtf, zflGt;'/Iff / cdgrogsfodx'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] nfludha'6, alnof] Pj+ k|efjsf/L kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . / lo sfo{ ;+lxtfs/0ful/Psf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] dfqug{ ;Sb5 . o;} kl/k]|IodfGeneral Law cyf{t hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sfg"gsf] ?kdfem08} !^$ jif{ kl5sfg"gdfcfd"nkl/jt{g / ^# jif{ cl3yfngLul/Psf] ;+lxtfs/0fug{] k|of;nfO{ d"t{?k k|bfg u/L d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_,@)&$ NofOPsf] 5 . h'gcfhsf] cfjZostf / hgtfsf] rfxgfklgxf] .

  11. @= d'n'sLck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] ;+/rgf / ltgsfd"ne"tk|fjwfgx? • o; cl3sf ck/fw ;+lxtfx?, @)!@, @)#), @)%* x?n] ;+lxtfnfO{ d"ne"t ?kdfb'O{ efudfljefhgug{] ub{} cfPsf]dfd'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] ;+lxtfnfO{ # efudfljeQm u/]sf] 5 . / ;hfolgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 5'§} P]gsf] k|:tfjul/Psf] 5 . • efu – !M ;fdfGok|fjwfgx? -% kl/R5]bx?_ • efu – @M kmf}hbf/L s;"/x? -@& kl/R5]bx?_ • efu – #M j}olQmsuf]kgLotftyf k|lti7f lj?4sf] s;"/ -@ kl/R5]bx?_ • hDdf #$ kl/R5]b / #)* bkmfx?

  12. efu !M ;fdfGok|fjwfgx? • kl/R5]b – ! M k|f/lDes • ;+lIfKtgfd / k|f/De M d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_, @)&$ • ;+lxtfsf] jlxIf]{qLok|of]u • kl/efiff • ;fdfGo ?kdfnfu" x'g] l;4fGt / Joj:yfx? • ljz]if P]gsf] Joj:yfnfu" x'g]

  13. kl/R5]b – @ M kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx? • kmf}hbf/L Gofosfd"ne"t l;4fGtx? • ;fdfGok|lt/IffcGtu{t cfpg] wf/0ffx? • jfnjflnsfsf] cfk/flwsbfloTj • lg/k]If bfloTj, ;+o'QmbfloTj • ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;"/dfcfk/flwsbfloTj • kl/R5]b – # M cfk/flws if8oGq, pBf]u, b'?T;fxg / dltof/ • kl/R5]b – $ M s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] tyf 36fpg] Joj:yfx?

  14. kl/R5]b – % M ;hfo / cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwLJoj:yf • ;hfosf] k|sf/ • cfhGd s}b, hGds}b x'g] / hGds}bsf] u0fgf – gof“ Joj:yf • PsLs[t s;"/ jfkt 8]9L ;hfo – gof“ wf/0ff • h3Go / k6s] s;"/bf/nfO{ yk ;hfo • jfnjflnsfnfO{ ;hfo hl/jfgfjfkt s}b • ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] – cleo]fhgsf] ;f}bfjfhL(Plea Bargaining) • cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{

  15. efu @M kmf}hbf/L s;"/x? • kl/R5]b – ! M /fHo lj?4sf s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @ M ;fj{hlgs zflGt lj?4sf] s;"/, • kl/R5]b – # M ;fj{hlgsclwsf/Lsf] clVtof/Lsf] cjx]ngf ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – $ M ;fj{hlgsGofo lj?4sf s;"/, • kl/R5]b – % M ;fj{hlgslxt, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf / g}ltstflj?4sf s;"/, • kl/R5]b – ^ M xftxltof/ tyf v/vhfgf ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – & M ljikmf]6s kbfy{ ;DaGwL s;"/,

  16. kl/R5]b – * M /fli6«o tyf ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf lj?4sf s;"/, • kl/R5]b – ( M wd{ ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !) M e]befjtyfcGockdfghGoJojxf/ ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !! Mljjfx ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !@ M Hofg ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !# M ue{ ;+/If0f lj?4sf] s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !$ M s'6lk6 ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !% M u}/sfg"gLy'gf ;DaGwL s;"/,

  17. kl/R5]b – !^ M JolQm a]kQfkfg]{ ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !& M ckx/0f jf z/L/ jGws ;DjGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !* M s/0fL ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – !( M Onfh ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @) M rf]/L tyf 8fFsf ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @! M 7uL, cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft tyfcfk/flwsnfe ;DaGwL s;"/ • kl/R5]b – @@ M d'b|f ;DAfGwL s;"/

  18. kl/R5]b – @# M l6s6 ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @$ M gfktf}n ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @% M lnvt ;DaGwL s;"/ , • kl/R5]b – @^ M cfk/flwsk|j]z tyfcfk/flwspkb|j ;DaGwL s;"/, • kl/R5]b – @& M rf}kfof ;DaGwL s;"/

  19. efu #M j}olQmsuf]kgLotftyf k|lti7f lj?4sf] s;"/ • kl/R5]b – ! M uf]kgLotf lj?4sf s;"/ • kl/R5]b – @ M ufnL a]OHhtL ;DaGwL s;"/

  20. #= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] ;d]6]sfwf/0ffutkIfx? • cfw'lgskmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:n] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g ;/n, :ki6, af]wuDo / ;a}sfnflu ;j{;'ne x'g'kg]{ . • ;+lxtfs/0fsf] wf/0ffut Pj+ ;}4flGts kIfx¿nfO{ j[xt / Jofks ¿kdf ;/n Pj+ :ki6 efiffdf /fVg] k|of;sf] yfngLsdn n c+ufn]sfd'n'sx¿df ;g\ !(^@ dfAmerican Law Institute af6 tof/ u/]sf] American Model Penal Code af6 ;'? u/]sf] xf] . • g]kfndfklxnf] k|of;sf] ?kdf g]kfnb08ljwfg, @)!@ • kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cGt{/fli6«od"NodfGotfsf ;fy} k|:tfljt ck/fw ;+lxtfx?, @)#), @)%* / @)^& n] c+ufn]sfwf/0ffutkIfnfO{ cfTd;fy

  21. $= ck/flwsbfloTjsf] kl/efiff / logsf] juL{s/0f ck/flwsbfloTjsf] kl/efiff • cfw'lgskmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qsf] s]Gb|Lowf/0ff(Central Concept) • o; wf/0ffsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df ;Dk"0f{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsfwf/0ff, l;4fGt, ljrf/ Pj+ /fox¿ljsl;tePsf] • d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf @( / bkmf #) dfcfk/flwsbfloTjeGg] jfSof+zk|of]u,

  22. d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] o;nfO{ kl/eflifteg] u/]sf] 5}g . oBlk ck/fw ;+lxtfdfo;nfO{ :ki6Ls/0fsf] ¿kdfjfkl/efliftug]{ bkmfsf] s'g} v08dfkl/eflift u/L :ki6kfg{ h?/L /x]sf] 5 . • cfk/flwsbfloTjnfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdfCriminal LiabilityeGb} cfPsf]df, • Model Penal Code, 2007n] Criminal ResponsibilityegLgfdfs/0ful/Psf] 5 .

  23. Article 16 n] lgDg ¿kdfkl/efliftul/Psf] 5 M hxf • s'g} JolQm, h;n] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ u/]sf] jf36fPsf] 5 eg], p lgDgcj:yfx?dfcfk/flwsbfloTjsfeflubf/ x'G5M (A person who commits a criminal offence is criminally responsible if):

  24. olbp;n] ;f] cfk/flws s;"/ dg;fo, nfk/jfxLjf x]nrqmofO{ k"0f{ u/]sf] 5 (He or she commits a criminal offence with intention, recklessness or negligence), • olbTo;dfs'g} sfg"gLcf}lrTotfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g(No lawful justification exists for the commission of the criminal offence), • olbTo;dfcfkf/flwsbfloTjaf65'6sf/f lbg ;Sg] s'g} cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g, / (There are no grounds excluding criminal responsibility for the commission of the criminal offence) and

  25. olbsfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sfcGos'g} bfloTjaf6pGd'lQmkfpg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g (There are no other statutorily defined grounds excluding criminal responsibility.) • o;/L cfk/flwsbfloTjeGgfn] k|rlntkmf}hbf/L sfg"gåf/f ck/fwjf s;"/ egLlgif]lwtjfkl/eflifts'g} sfo{ u/]afktaxgug'{kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ cfk/flwsbfloTj(Criminal Responsibility) elgG5 .

  26. %= ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / o:sf] cfjZolsoTfTjx? • ck/fweGgfn] sfg"gn] u/ eg]sf] gug'{ / gu/ eg]sf] ug]{ sfo{ xf] • ck/fweg]sf] tL ;dfhdfljsl;tePsf] dfgljocfr/0fJojxf/x? h;nfO{ ;dfhn] ckfRodfg]sf] x'G5 / /fi6«sf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"glgdf{0fug]{ ljwflosfn] To;nfO{ lgoGq0fug{ rfxLsfg'gsf] ?kdf j}Btfk|bfg u/L sfg"gsf ?kdf ;j} JolQmsflgldQ ;dfg ?kdfnfu' u/L o;sf] pNnª\3g u/]sf] v08dfb08x'G5egL /fHosf] ljBflosfn] :ki6 ?kdfJoQm u/]sf] sfo{ kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf]] pNnª\3gug]{ sfo{ ck/fwxf] . • cyf{t ;dfhlj/f]wLsfo{ xf] .

  27. g]kfnsfg'gJofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @-3_ n] s;'/nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 hxfFæk|rlnt g]kfnsfg'gadf]ldh u/]dfjfgu/]df ;hfox'g] sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ .Æ egLpNn]v, • eg], d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -u_ df n] klgs;'/ eGgfn] o; P]g jfsfg'gadf]lhd ;hfox'g] sfd ;Demg' k5{ , egLpNn]v • s;'/ -Offence) sf] kof{ojfrLzJbxf]

  28. Black Stone sfcg';f/ Crime is an act committed or omitted in violation of Public law for bidding or commanding it. • Stephen sfcg';f/ A crime is a violation of a rights, considered in reference to the evil tendency of such violation as regard the community at large.

  29. ck/fwsf] kl/efiffsfcfjZostTjx¿ (Requirements of Definition of a Crime) s= dfgjLoJojxf/ (Human Conduct) v_;fj{hlgssfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ (An Act Prohibited by Public Law) u_ cfk/flwsb08sf] k|fjwfg(Provison of Criminal Sanction or Sentence)

  30. ^ck/fwsf] cfjZostTjx? (Constituent Requirement of Crime) s= ck/flwssfo{ (Actus Reus) v= cfk/flwsdg;fo(Mens Rea)

  31. Elements of Actus Reus • Conduct Requirement cyf{t OlR5tdfgjLoJojxf/ x'g' kg]{, • Circumstantial Requirement lglZrtkl/l:yltdf36gf 36]sf] x'g' kg]{, • Consequential Requirement lglZrtkl/0ffdlgl:sPsf] x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . • Formula 3c

  32. v= cfk/flwsdg;fo(Mens Rea) • cfk/flwsdg;fo -Mens Rea) nfO{ $ efudfljefhgug{ ;lsG5 M c= dg;fo (Intention) cf= hfgLhfgL(Knowledge) O= nfk/jfxL(Recklessness) O{= x]nr]qmfofO{ (Negligence)

  33. ck/fwx'gsfnflu bf]ifLdgf]efjgfx'g'k5{ "Actus non facitreum nisi mens sit rea" • Actus Reus-Mens Rea • Mens-Actus Reus • Actus Reus + Mens Rea • No Actus Reus No Crime

  34. &= ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f -Classification of Crime) c_ ck/fwsf] ljifoj:t'sfcfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f(Classification of Crime According to Subject-matter), cf_ ck/fwsf] uDeL/tfsfcfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f(Classification of Crime According to Graviousness), O_ w/f}6Lsfcfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f(Classification of Crime According to Bailment),

  35. O{_ g}ltstfsfcfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f(Classification of Crime According to Morality), p_ cfk/flwsbfloTjsf] l;4fGtsfcfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f(Classification of Crime According to the Principles of Criminal Liability)

  36. *= ck/fwsf] ;xeflutfsf] cy{ (Meaning of Participation in a Crime) • ck/fwsf ;xefuLeGgfn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ck/fwegLkl/efliftul/Psf] s'g} cfk/flwssfo{ ug]{, u/fpg], ug{ d2t, ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, x'glbg] ;xeflutfjf ;+nUgtfhgfpg] JolQmxf] . Model Penal Code, 2007 sf] Section 11 : Participation in a Criminal Offence egL 5'§} kl/R5]bsfJoj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ Participation s]f kl/efiffeg] lbPsf 5}g .

  37. ck/fwdf ;xeflutf (Participation in Crime) Participation by Human being Participation by legal Person Organize Group Individual Group Company Corporation Legal Institution Legal Entities juL{s/0f

  38. d'Vocleo'Qm (Principal Offender) h;sf] xftaf6 ck/fwsf] jf/bftePsf] 5 (Perpetrator) cx|fpg] • (Command responsibility) arglbg] l;sfpg] (Ordering) if8oGqjf of]hgfsf/ (Conspirator Planner) pS;fpg] (Soliciting)

  39. lgbf]{if ;xof]uL(Innocent Agent) k"0f{ ?kdflgbf{]if JolQm (Totally Innocent person) gfansaf6 ck/fwu/fPsf] cj:yf (Person under the age of criminal responsibility) s'g} k|lt/Iffk|fKtJolQm(Person having any kind of valid defense)

  40. dltof/ s;"/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{] jfd2tk'¥ofpg] s;"/bf/ efupg] jfn'sfpg] s;"/ ug{ ;fwgpknAw u/fpg] cGok|sf/af6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

  41. cfk/flwsb'?T;fxg (Criminal Incitement) Persuation commanding or encouraging another person to commit an offence cfk/flwsif8oGq (Criminal Conspiracy) Agreeing with other (s) to commit an offence ck"0f{ ck/fw (Inchoate Offences) Criminal Attempt -pBf]u_ Trying to commit an offence by doing an act which is more than merely preparatory (= ck"0f{ ck/flwsbfloTjsf] juL{s/0f

  42. -s_ cfk/flwsif8oGq(Criminal Conspiracy) • b'O{ jfb'O{ eGbfa9LJolQmx?n] Ps cfk;dfldn]dtf] u/L s'g} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] s'g} klgcfk/flwssfo{ jf s;'/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Demf}tf u/]dfjfd~h'/ u/]dflghsf] To:tf] sfo{nfO{ cfk/flwsif8oGqsf] ck/fweflgG5 . • of] ;fk]lIfsbfloTjsf] ck/fw(Relative Liability of Crime) s;'/dfdfqcfk/flwsif8oGqsf] ;[hgfx'g] ub{5 . • d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ## dfo;sf] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 .

  43. -v_ cfk/flwspBf]u (Criminal Attempt) • kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qadf]lhds'g} cfk/flwssfo{ ug{sf] nflucfk/flwsdg;foadf]lhdsf] tof/L k'/f u/L ;s]kl5To:tf] cfk/flwssfo{ ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] cfkm'n] rfx]sf] lgif]lwtkl/0fdk|fKtug{sf] nflu u/]sf] s'g} klgef}ltssfo{ jfcfk/flwssfo{ Actusreusn] ck]lIftkl/0fdNofpgg;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ck/fwsf] pBf]u (Attempted Crime)eGg] ul/G5 . • of] ck"0f{ ck/fwsf] bf];|f] lsl;dxf] . • o; ;DaGwdfd'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf #$ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

  44. -u_ cfk/flwsb'?T;fxg(Criminal Incitement) • s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g} h3GojfuDeL/ s;'/ ug{ pS;fp5eg] To;nfO{ ck/flwsb'?T;fxgelgG5 . • of] ck"0f{ ck/fwsf] t];|f] lsl;dxf] . of] ck/fwsf] s'g} r/0fdfjf ck/fwsf] r/0feGbfklxn] klg b]vf kg{ ;Qm5 . • d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf #% n] cfk/flwsb'?T;fxgsf] ;DaGwdfJoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

  45. = d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ dfJoj:yful/Psfb'?T;fxg, pBf]u / if8oGqsfsfg'gLk|fjwfgx? != bkmfM $( ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf /fli6«o Pstf pk/ vnn ug{ gx'g] • $(-@_ if8oGq(Conspiracy) • $(-#_ b'?T;fxg(Incitement) • $(-$_ if8oGq(Conspiracy), b'?T;fxg(Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt) @= bkmf %%=;}lgsjfk|x/LnfO{ e8sfpggx'g] • %%-!_ b'?T;fxg(Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt)

  46. #= bkmf %^M hf;';L(Spy) • %^-!_ if8oGq(Conspiracy), b'?T;fxg(Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt) $= bkmf!%*= wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpggx'g] • !%*-!_ b'?T;fxg(Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt)

  47. kl/R5]b !@ Hofg ;DjGwL s;'/ %= bkmf !*#=Hofgdfg]{ pBf]u ug{ gx'g] • bkmf !*#-!_-!_ s;}n] s;}sf] Hofgdfg]{ lgotn] To;sf] pBf]u ug{ x'Fb}g . • -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ jf u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ bzjif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgfx'g]5 .

  48. !)= kmf}hbf/L Gofosfl;4fGtx? s_ kmf}hbf/L Gofosfl;4fGtx? • d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ^ b]lv !$ / bkmf @* v_ ;fdfGok|lt/Iffdfnfu'x'g] l;4fGtx? / • d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !% b]lv @& u_ ck/fwkLl8tsf] xs ;+u cfj4l;4fGtx? • bkmf #@

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