DTTP Science

1. DTTP Science Energy

2. Energy What is energy? What do we already know? Brainstorm session

3. Energy Several distinct forms of energy. The language we use in everyday talk gets in the way of a deeper understanding of energy.

4. Energy Energy is not used up, it is just converted.

5. Energy As an abstract idea, energy is difficult to understand. Implications for the National Curriculum. In primary schools, teachers focus on the effects of energy and rarely study energy itself.

6. Energy Trainees are expected to understand some of the fundamental ideas about energy and see how they apply to the ideas taught in schools.

7. Energy What is energy? Without energy nothing happens

8. Energy Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is done when objects are moved or heated.

9. Energy Energy can be converted from one form to another such as when coal or oil is burnt in a power station. The heat produced by this process is used to make steam which turns a generator. This mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

10. Energy Fuels and food are sources of energy. This energy can be traced back to the plants, including the myriad of single-celled plants, which used solar power to create their structures including leaves, stems, roots and fruits.

11. Energy • Fuel in the form of petrol gives cars the capacity to do work. • A car engine does work on the wheels to make the car move. • Electrical energy from a battery does work on the filament of a bulb to make it glow. • The gravitational pull of the Earth does work on a cyclist as they roll down a hill.

12. Energy • A stretched catapult elastic does work on the stone to make it move. • A moving hammer does work on a nail to push it into a piece of wood. Energy is measured in Joules (J). The same unit is used to measure work.

13. Energy Force A force is a push or a pull. To exert a force you must have energy. Forces can: • stretch or squash objects • change the speed of an object • alter the direction of an object’s movement

14. Energy Force Examples of force are push, pull and their combinations – twist and bend Gravity is either a push or a pull – most likely a pull. Centrifugal is a nice word The unit in which forces are measured is newtons (N). What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

15. Energy Work Work is done when an object moves, electricity flows or an object is heated. In moving objects, one joule is defined as the work done when a force of 1N moves a distance of 1 metre. 1 joule = 1 newton x 1 metre

16. Energy – the Go in the world All energy comes from the sun as radiated heat. Plants convert this to potential or stored energy. Animals eat or otherwise use the plants and store it to do work. All movement using the potential energy is Kinetic energy - action Work In electrical energy, one joule of work is done when one watt of power acts for one second. Watts x seconds = work done (joules)

17. Energy Forms of energy Kinetic energyis the energy of motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy. The heavier and faster the moving object the more energy it has. Chemical energyis the energy associated with food and fuels. Chemical changes produce new substances. Chemical changes can sometimes be reversed.

18. Energy Gravitational potential energyis the energy of a position of an object. We can calculate the potential energy of an object if we know its mass and the distance it is raised. The greater the height and the mass the more potential energy an object has. Heat energyis the energy of hot objects. A spark from a sparkler has a high temperature but relatively little heat energy compared with a large hand-hot radiator.

19. EnergyAll these are only tags for confusion Electrical potential energy is the ability of an electric current to do work. A cell makes electrical energy from a chemical reaction.

20. Energy Sound energyis a form of kinetic energy. Sound makes objects and materials vibrate. Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light energy from the sun can be converted directly into electricity in a solar cell. Nuclear energyis released when a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium 235 atom. The atom splits into 2 parts and smaller particles, releasing a huge amount of energy as it does so. This process is called nuclear fission.

21. Energy Energy and fuel Food and fuel contain potential that is released when these are combined with oxygen.

22. Energy Fuels for generating electricity There are three main classes of fuels which can be used to generate electricity: • fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal • renewable fuels such as wood • nuclear fuel such as uranium What other ways are there to generate electricity?

23. Energy • Tidal power – the motion of tides coming in and out of estuaries can be used to drive turbines. • Push and pull • Hydroelectric power – the potential energy of water is used to turn generators. The higher the drop the more energy can be generated. • Push • Wind power – moving air can be used to turn propellers. • Push

24. Energy • Wave power – moving air creates friction across the surface of water and makes waves which can be used to turn generators. • Geothermal power - the interior of the Earth is very hot. Where this heat is very close to the surface, e.g. in Iceland, it can be used to heat water which in turn is used to drive generators. • Solar power – can directly produce electricity using photoelectric cells

25. Energy Chemical changes produce electricity Luigi Galvani Allessandro Volta Some cells are made using carbon and zinc as the two terminals separated by a chemical paste. Electricity flows from the zinc to the carbon.

26. Energy Energy transfers in biological processes At the base of the vast majority of food chains are green plants which use the energy of the sun to drive the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. It is the green plants’ ability to make starch and sugar from carbon dioxide and water which distinguishes them from all other living things. Energy flows within an ecosystem are complex.

27. Energy Energy flows in ecosystems The energy from the sun is used by plants to photosynthesise. Some of the plant food is used directly by birds, herbivorous animals and small arthropods such as insects and mites. These small animals are in turn preyed upon by carnivores. Some creatures are omnivores, consuming both plants and animals.

28. Energy Converting energy in our bodies Digestion Respiration

29. Energy A person’s body requires different amounts of fuel to perform functions: kJ used per hour (approx.) • sleeping 270 • sitting 420 • standing 440 • walking 850 • running 1500 • very hard exercise 2500

30. Energy Heat energy Heat energy is transferred by threeprocesses: • conduction • convection • radiation

31. Energy Energy Changes Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change in form. A bungee jumper jumping off a bridge involves: • gravitational potential energy on the bridge • increasing kinetic energy as they fall • increasing elastic strain potential energy in the elastic • increasing kinetic energy as they spring upwards • energy dissipated as they hang motionless before being helped down

32. Energy Where does energy appear in the Science NC and the QCA Unit Plans? What are the links with other NC subjects?

33. Energy A summary of key points

34. Energy • energy is the capacity to do work • work is done when an object moves, electricity flows or an object is heated • energy can be in a number of different forms • energy can be converted from one form to another • energy cannot be created or destroyed

35. Energy • food and fuel do not contain energy but energy is released when the food or fuel is combined with oxygen • energy is released from nuclear material when nuclei are split • chemical changes produce electricity • food pyramids summarise energy transfers in biological systems • heat energy moves from hotter objects to colder

36. Energy Some questions to consider

37. Energy Question 1 Imagine we were able to collect all the gases given off by a burnt candle. Would the mass of the gases be: less than the original candle? more than the original candle? the same as the original candle?

38. Energy Answer to Question 1 More than the mass of the original …… ……… because burning the wax is a constructive process in which oxygen is combined with the elements which make up the wax.

39. Energy Question 2 When plants photosynthesise, what chemical bonds are they breaking in the materials they use?

40. Energy Answer to Question 2 They are pulling apart the oxygen and carbon from the carbon dioxide………. …….and they are separating the oxygen from the hydrogen in the water molecules.