Waste to Bio-Fuel and Landfill reclamation

1. Waste to Bio-Fueland Landfill reclamation

2. What’s in the presentation? • Who and where are Spartan Group • The problem Spartan Group solves • Advantages of the Spartan Process • The Spartan Process • Results • Who can use it • Benefits of the Spartan solution • Waste to Ethanol Process - large scale • Local Employment and Education • Potential by-products and future development of the Spartan Group Process

3. Spartan Group Spartan Group is committed to the development and deployment of technologies that improve the well being of people and their environment. We provide real world solutions, that are sustainable and affordable, to real world problems We do this by working as a multidisciplinary team that draws on the best research and focuses it.

4. Spartan Group • Spartan Group collaborates with leading researchers and enjoys the support of leading academic institutions: • Head of Sustainability Platform, Institute of Food Research • Dean of Science University of East Anglia, world authority on bacteria fermentations • Pro Vice Chancellor University of East Anglia, head of school of Environmental Science • Chief Scientific Officer Genome Lab John Innes Centre • Dept. of Design Engineering University of Sussex • Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering and Dept. Head of Rolls-Royce Fuels Laboratory, University of Sussex • Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London • Spartan Group also works closely with supporting industries, for example: • Ricardo - International provider of technological and engineering innovation to automotive, transport and energy industries

5. The Problem • Large organic waste streams such as fruit, vegetable and paper waste • Increases in size of landfill site encroaching on residential areas • Proximity of homes to waste sites causing health hazards and unpleasant life experience • Landfill tax expenses • Disposal of waste: • Limited land space and increased cost • Contribution to climate change: methane or carbon dioxide production • Health: landfill flaring and hygiene

6. Spartan Group Response • Use of waste with high cellulose and starch content • Pre-processed waste • Paper / Card / Packaging • Food waste • Non Pre-processed waste - Agricultural waste • Stalks and husks • Garden waste • Fruit and vegetable waste • Invasive water plants • Pre-Processing of the waste stream: shredding, sterilisation and wetting • Enzyme usage: degradation to release fermentable sugars

7. Spartan Group Response:Advantages • Prevention of landfill expansion • Removal of existing landfill • Doesn’t interfere with food chain • No extra land use for crop growth and release of land for food crops • No seasonality of feedstock • Beneficial by-products: briquettes from any undigested waste for fuel • No extra transport costs

8. Simplicity • The Spartan Group Process can be designed in any size to suite desired use • It can be separated into three distinct stages that can be used together or separately: • Hydrolysis to sugar solution • Fermentation • Utilisation of fuel by distillation or Fuel Cell

9. The Process

10. Process Continued

11. Enzyme Hydrolysis • Breakdown of solid waste with Enzymes: • Add water to waste at a 2:1 ratio - comparable to brewing • Physical agitation, causing a small amount of physical breakdown • Sterilise using heat • Cool to 50°C • Add Enzymes, causing further breakdown at a molecular level • Enzymes are supplied by Spartan Group • For full enzyme breakdown, 2 hours is required

12. Disposal • All by-products of Spartan Group Process are non-pathogenic and environmentally safe. • There is no use of strong acids or toxic chemicals. • All liquids produced in the Spartan Group Process can be disposed of into grey/rain water.

13. Fermentation • Use of sugr by Yeast • Sugar solution from Enzyme Hydrolysis • Cool to 30°C • Add Yeast • Yeast is supplied by Spartan Group • Slow Agitation • For a full batch fermentation, 8 hours is required. • The process can be adapted for continual fermentation by constant addition of sugar solution, leading to continuous production of Ethanol.

14. Distillation

15. Demonstration prototype Schematic of the Spartan Group Process prototype

16. Paper being added to the Spartan Group Process Prototype

17. After digestion – sugar solution • Paper Waste

18. Mixed Waste After digestion – sugar solution

19. Calculated Yields of Spartan Group Process Green Waste 1000kg 400kg fermentable sugars 120kg Ethanol = 152 litres Paper 1000kg 600kg fermentable sugars 180kg Ethanol = 228 litres Mixed 1000kg 500kg fermentable sugars 150kg Ethanol = 190 litres

20. Potential Uses • Scalable and versatile: • Landfill sites • Industrial Food Manufacturers • Restaurants / Cafes • Food Distributors • Domiciliary • Apartment buildings • Supermarkets • Ocean liners • Trains • Airports • Hotels • Hospitals • Schools / Universities • Offices

21. Users • Currently we are in discussion with UK based companies: • McCarthy Food wholesalers • Fred Olsen Cruises • Finnemechanica (defence and resilience applications) • With joint ventures internationally: • Africa: Dandora dump landfill reduction and reclamation • Water hyacinth to Butanol project in Lake Victoria • US: Small scale household and metropolitan use (in discussion) • Spartan partners are also founder members of the UK Government’s Institute for Sustainability

22. Benefits • Reduction of solids to landfill • Removal of existing landfill waste and reclamation of landfill sites • Bio-fuel production without using food or land resources • Minimal impact on environment • Improvement of quality of life surrounding landfill sites • Increased local job opportunities • Can be applied to many different situations from small household to municipal waste sites

23. Waste to Ethanol Process

24. Design Requirements • Ability to sort all waste – to maximise both fuel yield and recyclable waste • Ability to expand • Robust systems with fail-safe processes • Generic Plant and Equipment • Utilising both by-products from the process & local conditions • An Independent “Stand Alone” Plant

25. Ethanol Plant Schematic.

26. Waste to Ethanol Plant

27. Local Employment and Education • Spartan Group strongly advocate academic and social improvement • Local people will be employed for running of the plant and waste sorting • They will be supplied with full training in the maintenance of the Spartan Group Process plant • In addition to Spartan Group Education training, employees will be able gain international standard qualifications • The Spartan Group team will create links with local education services and Universities allowing the opportunity for student exchange between the UK and India

28. Potential By-products • Lignin • Briquettes for burning • Active coal • Clay • Building materials • Distillers sludge • Production of fodder yeast • Vitamin B12 • Carbon Dioxide • Liquid CO2 / Dry ice • Combined with H2 can make Methanol and Ethanol • By-products could be obtained on a modified industrial size plant, known as a bio-refinery, excluding briquettes which can achieved small scale • The bio-refinery approach can increase profit through isolation of by-products

29. Simplicity • The Spartan Group Process can be designed in any size to suite desired use • It can be separated into three distinct stages that can be sold together or separately: • Hydrolysis to sugar solution • Fermentation • Utilisation of fuel by distillation or Fuel Cell