Essential Grammar Unit 45 Adjectives I Function, Position and Form

1. Essential Grammar Unit 45 Adjectives IFunction, Position and Form

2. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions. • Modify before the noun Happy people are nice to be around. My plaid pants are at the dry cleaner’s. The black car is blocking mine.

3. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions • Modify before the noun Happypeople are nice to be around. noun My plaidpants are at the dry cleaner’s. noun The blackcar is blocking mine. noun

4. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf. We got lucky and won the game. Are you OK? You seem sad. I feel sick. I think I should go home. The garbage smells bad. Could you take it out?

5. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Paul was hot in his winter coat and scarf. be + adjective We got lucky and won the game. get(linking verb) + adjective

6. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain Are you OK? You seem sad. seem(linking verb) + adjective

7. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 2. Used as subject complements with be or linking verbs such as feel, seem, smell, taste, sound, become, get, appear, and remain I feel sick. I think I should go home. feel + adjective The garbage smells bad. Could you take it out? smell(linking verb) + adjective

8. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements The ice cream made the children happy. It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the weather pleasant. I don’t like to drink my coffee cold. An extra sweater will keep you warm.

9. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements The ice cream made the children happy. object + adjective It’s hot today, but the breeze keeps the weather pleasant. object + adjective

10. 1. Adjectives can function differently in different positions 3. Used as object complements An extra sweater will keep you warm. object + adjective I don’t like to drink my coffee cold. object + adjective

11. 2. Verbs in their participial form can be used as adjectives. 2. The past participial form is used as an adjective with a passive meaning. We were so bored at the movie. John is interested in art. She was tired after gardening all day.

12. 2. Verbs in their participial form can be used as adjectives. • The present participial form is used as an adjective with an active meaning. This movie is so boring! She read an exciting book. It was a surprising decision. Gardening is tiring work.

13. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order A specific order of adjectives is followed. • Opinion adjectives usually come first. Joe just read an interesting new book. Did you see that beautiful black car that just passed? She starred in that awful Canadian movie about horses.

14. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order A specific order of adjectives is followed. 2. The order usually follows a pattern.

15. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 3. When two or more adjectives with the same descriptive purpose are used, they are usually separated by a comma. Kara is a lovely, caring person. I saw a great, funny movie last night. Marc’s soft, comfortable couch made me fall asleep.

16. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 4. For size adjectives, length adjectives come before width. The suspect is a tall, fat man. First Avenue is a long, wide street. Julie is the short, thin woman talking to Paul.

17. Unit 46 Adjectives II-Word Order 5. More than two color adjectives are separated by and (commas in a list). We have a blue, green, and tan tablecloth. He took some nice black and white photos. She wore a gold, red, ivory, and black dress.

18. Essential Grammar Unit 47,48,49,50 Adverbs

19. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction I. Forms of Adverbs 1. Adverbs modify verbs. Add –lyto an adjective. loud-loudly smooth-smoothly nice-nicely 2. ends in –y, drop –y and add –ily. ends in –ble, drop e and add –y. heavy-heavily, busy-busily capable-capably

20. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction II. Adverbs of Manner • Describes how or in what manner something happens. Mostly formed with an adjective + -ly I ate quickly, and now my stomach hurts. The evening was great, but it ended badly. We walked carefully across the ice. It had started to snow lightly by the time we went to bed.

21. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 2. Can be placed before or after the main verb, after a helping verb, or at the beginning or end of a clause or sentence I quickly walked to class. I walked quickly to class. I was quickly walking to class when I saw you. I was walking quickly to class when I saw you. Quickly, I walked to class. I walked to class quickly. I walked to class quickly so I wouldn’t be late.

22. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 3. Some irregular forms are fast, well and hard. These can only be placed after the main verb or object of the verb. He is a fast swimmer. He swims fast. I am a good singer. I sing popular songs well, but I can’t sing opera. Physics is a hard subject to understand. Shelley studied hard for the test.

23. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction III Adverbs of Place and Direction • Describe where or in what direction an action happens. Most do not end in –ly. The plane flew high above the clouds. They drove north. She walks home from school at 4 p.m. Mom was reading downstairs.

24. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 2. Put only after the main verb. With a direct object, put the adverb after the object. The stairs go down to the basement. We live here. John threw the ball up into the air. We moved the tree there.

25. 47 Adverbs I-manner, place, and direction 3. Some adverbs of direction end in the suffix –ward. The wind is blowing eastward. They had been traveling northward for several days. We flew upward in a hot-air balloon.

26. 48 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility • Adverbs of Time • Describe when an action happens. We are moving today. We will move tomorrow. We moved yesterday. We will move soon. We just moved to this city.

27. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 2. Still-used in an affirmative sentence and indicates “up to the present time”. Comes after the be-verb but before the main verb and a negative auxiliary verb. Judy still corresponds with her high school friends. Are they still living in Dallas? Ellen is still friends with her college roommate. We still can’t keep in touch with Marco.

28. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 3. yet-normally used inquestions, conditional clauses, and negative sentences, and usually comes at the end of the sentence. Has he finished his homework yet? He hasn’t finished his homework yet. I’ll have to see if he has been prepared yet.

29. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 4. Already-used to say something has happened sooner than expected. Usually used in an affirmative sentence, but sometimes used in a question to express some surprise. Hehas already left for the next destination. Has your sister already returned home?

30. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 5. Early, late – Adj and Adv forms are the same. Lately-recently(최근에)=It has been raining a lot recently The early movie starts at 7 p.m.(adj) We arrived early for the movie. (adv) The late flight leaves at 11 p.m. (adj) He arrived late for his flight. (adv)

31. 47 Adverbs II-Time, Frequency, and Possibility 6. Ago- used to say how long before the present and needs a simple past Before-used to say how long before the past with a past perfect tense I met him three years ago for the first time. Fidel told me that he had been to China five months before.

32. II. Adverbs of Frequency Describes how often an action happens. Can begin a sentence, precede the main verb, follow be, or end a sentence. I always go to the same café for lunch. She has frequently stayed out late. You usually take the bus to work, don’t you? He often surfs the web instead of working. We leave work early sometimes. Occasionally, they go downtown for dinner. The meetings are rarely interesting. He never works on Sundays.

33. 2. Use ever and never for questions and negative sentences. Precede action verbs and follow be in the simple tense. Precede the main verb(action verbs and be) in perfect tense. Did you ever see the movie Titanic? Was she ever nice to you? Have they ever been to Japan? Mike never goes to the gym. She is never quiet in movies. They have never been to Europe.

34. III. Adverbs of Possibility Describe how likely an action is to happen. I will definitely finish this work by 6 pm. She will certainly get the job. She likely won’t eat these noodles. She is allergic to eggs. The price of oil will probably go up after the hurricane hits. Maybe it will rain tomorrow. Perhaps we can spend our vacation in Hawaii this year.

35. Unit 51 Comparatives • Comparatives Forms of Adjectives • Followed by than Montreal is colder than Miami. (adj) Sue’s bag is heavier thanLara’s bag. (adj) Joe has one sister. She is younger.(than Joe is implied)

36. Unit 51 Comparatives 2. one-syllable adjectives two-syllable adjectives ending in – y(change –y to –ier) one-syllable adjectives with a vowel followed by a single consonant (double the consonant and add –er) old-older, fast-faster, short-shorter young-younger, cheap-cheaper, late-later tall-taller, long-longer, nice-nicer happy-happier, pretty-prettier big-bigger, hot-hotter, fat-fatter

37. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions • And The rain stopped, and the sun came out. Ezra ate the apple pie and the peach pie. Melissa opened the door and walked in.

38. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 2. or, nor, neither You can call me, or I’ll call you. You can have the chocolate cake or the vanilla cake. I didn’t call her, nor her parents. He neither greeted, smiled, nor spoke.

39. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 3. but, yet We rented a car, but it was stolen. It was snowing, yet the children were not wearing mittens. Kasper borrowed my notes but (he) never returned them.

40. Unit 54 Coordinating Conjunctions 4. so, for I needed to call a taxi, so I borrowed someone’s phone. The floor was dirty, so I vacuumed it. Lenore wore a hat, for it was cold outside.

41. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions • because, since, as I called a taxi because I needed to get home quickly. Because guests were coming over, I cleaned the house. I took a nap since I was a little tired. As the sun was shining bright, she put on a straw hat.

42. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 2. although, though, while, whereas Although his mother warned him not to, Darren went skiing without a helmet. Sara earned an A on her essay though she hadn’t worked very hard on it. While Katrina enjoys ice skating, Sergei prefers hockey. Football is the most popular sport in the US, whereas soccer is the most popular sport in the UK.

43. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 3. when, before, after, since, till, until Since Chloe got her new bike , she’s been riding everywhere. The thieves escaped from the bank before the police arrived.

44. Unit 55 Subordinating Conjunctions 4. if, unless, even if, whether Even if Mercedes is really hungry, she won’t eat meat. My children refuse to go to sleep at night unless I read them a story.

45. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs • both A and B A와 B • not only A but (also) B A뿐만 아니라 B 또한 Chen ate both rice and the bread. Both Alice and Helen went to Hawaii. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but also Stephen King. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King, too. Nigel likes not only Shakespeare but Stephen King as well.

46. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 2. Either A or B A이거나 B We can either go to the park or stay home. Yuki can’t decide whether to study English or Mandarin. Neither the students nor the teacher can read Mayan script.

47. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 3. Either the doctor or the nurseswrite the report. Either the nurses or the doctor writes the report.

48. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs II Conjunctive Adverbs • also, in addition, furthermore We were tired; we also didn’t have anything to eat. Mary went shopping; in addition, she met John for lunch. Olivia was lost; furthermore, she didn’t have a map with her.

49. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 2. however, instead, otherwise, conversely Lu is quiet and reserved; however, she isn’t shy! I don’t like CDs; instead, I prefer the radio. Sam has an early class; otherwise, he would go out with us. Milo is a morning person; conversely, his wife is a night owl.

50. Unit 56 Correlative Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 3. therefore, consequently I’m a vegetarian; therefore, I don’t eat fish. Trisha broke her foot; consequently, she can’t go skating.