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Chapter 11

Water and Solutions. Chapter 11. Homework for Chap 11 Read p 275 – 280; 284 - 290 Applying the Concepts # 1 – 3; 9 - 24. Fig. 11.2 (A) The water molecule is polar (It has a dipole.). H 2 O. Fig. 11.2 (B) Attractions between water molecules. Ice is less dense than water.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Water and Solutions Chapter 11

  2. Homework for Chap 11 Read p 275 – 280; 284 - 290 Applying the Concepts # 1 – 3; 9 - 24

  3. Fig. 11.2 (A) The water molecule is polar (It has a dipole.) H2O Fig. 11.2 (B) Attractions between water molecules

  4. Ice is less dense than water Fig. 11.3 The hexagonal structure of ice Water is a Unique Substance:

  5. Maximum Density 4 °C Fig. 11.4 The density of water just above its freezing point Density of Water

  6. Solution Solvent Solute Solution - a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances Solute - the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) Solvent - the substance present in the larger amount Soft drink (l) H2O Sugar, CO2 Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4 Pb Sn Soft Solder (s)

  7. Fig 11.6 NaCl dissolving in water

  8. Fig. 11.10 Behavior of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.

  9. nonelectrolyte strong electrolyte Electrolyte - a substance that, when dissolved in water, forms a solution that can conduct electricity. Nonelectrolyte - a substance that, when dissolved, forms a solution that does not conduct electricity.

  10. Fig. 11.11 The reaction of water and hydrogen chloride Hydronium ion

  11. acid + base salt + water HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O Acids, Bases, and Salts

  12. Acids • Have a sour taste. e.g., Vinegar, lemons, limes, sour milk • Cause litmus to change from blue to red. 3. Acids neutralize bases. 4. Acid solutions conduct electricity. Fig 11.14 (A)

  13. Bases 1. Have a bitter taste. e.g., caffeine, walnuts, soap 2. Cause litmus to change from red to blue. 3. Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases. 4. Bases neutralize acids. 5. Basic solutions conduct electricity. Fig 11.14 (B)

  14. How do we express the concentration of an acid or a base? pH scale – based on concentration of the hydronium ion (H3O+) acidic neutral basic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Based on powers of 10: e.g., a soln with pH = 3 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with pH = 4

  15. Fig. 11.16 Common substances that are acidic

  16. Table 11.5Approximate pH of some common substances

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