India Taj Mahal, Agra, India

1. CHAPTER 25 IndiaTaj Mahal, Agra, India Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: India Today

3. Section 1 Natural Environments Objectives: • What are the major landform regions and rivers of India? • Which climate types and resources does India have?

4. SECTION 1 Natural Environments Landform Regions and Rivers of India Himalayas—mountainous, forests, farms, Kanchenjunga, Kashmir Valley, source of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers Gangetic Plain—lowland, northeastern India, farming, rich alluvial soil, Ganges River Deccan Plateau—old and eroded; volcanic; farming with irrigation; Easternand Western Ghats; Narmada, Godavari,and KrishnaRivers

5. Section 1 Natural Environments Climates and resources: • six climate types—tropical humid, tropical wet and dry, arid, semiarid, humid subtropical, highland • monsoon—strong influence on climate • key resources—soils and rivers • minerals—coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, uranium

6. Monsoons India’s climate is dominated by monsoons Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter. Monsoons blow from the sea toward land in the summer India’s winters are hot and dry. Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent The temperature reaches as high as 110oF during the Indian winter The summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from the southwest bringing heavy rains from June to September Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land. India generates electricity from the water provided by the monsoon rains

8. Section 2 History and Culture Objectives: • What were the major events and empires of India’s early history? • How did European contract affect India? • What religions are practiced in India? • What are some other features of India’s culture?

9. SECTION 2 European trade Ghandi assassinated Mughal Empire Independence MauryanEmpire GuptaEmpire Timur invades. Sepoy Rebellion 300 B.C. A..D.400 1490 1857 1398 1520 1947 1948 History and Culture Aryan civilization Muslim invasion Harappan civilization Muslim kingdom 1500 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 500 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1000 B.C. 0 1000

10. Section 2 History and Culture European influence: • Traders arrived in 1490s—first Portuguese, then Dutch, French, and British. • Britain defeated France and controlled India. • British built infrastructure; taught English; influenced education, law, and government. • Britain partitioned India at independence.

12. Section 2 History and Culture Indian religions: • Hinduism—the main faith, followed by around 80 percent of the population • Islam—largest minority religion, 11–14 percent of the population, mainly in the north • Christianity—some 20 million followers • Buddhism—originally from India, now followed by less than 1 percent of the population • Sikhism—combines Muslim and Hindu beliefs • Jainism—strict moral code based on preserving life

13. Section 2 History and Culture Culture: • many ethnic groups—Aryan descendants, Dravidians, others • more than 1,000 languages and dialects—Hindi is national language; English is widely used • typical clothing for hot weather—sari, choli, lungi, turbans (Sikhs) • food—curry made of many spices; variety based on climate, crops, regions • festivals—many holidays, including Holi, Pongal

14. Ganges starts in Himalayas

18. Great waterway in India Depended on for drinking water and fish Irrigate crops Trade and transportation route

19. In Rome Statue representing 4 great rivers 1 is of the river-god Ganges Built in 1612

21. In India Hinduism’s holy river Called the “Mother Ganges” or goddess Ganga

22. Section 3 India Today Objectives: • What are the main features of India’s economy? • How does life in India’s villages compare to life in its cities? • What challenges does India face today?

23. Section 3 India Today India’s economy India’s economy is highly varied, ranging from subsistence farming to high technology.

24. SECTION 3 Agriculture • basis of economy • 25 percent of GDP • 50 percent of land area • rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum, peanuts, sesame seeds, mangoes • small farms • depend on monsoon • Green Revolution Cottage industries • work in the home • employs millions of people, particularly women • silk fabrics, wooden statues, silver and gold lace, other handicrafts India’s Economy Commercial manufacturing • textiles leading export • jute • steel mills • durable goods such as diesel engines and cars High-tech businesses • concentrated in Bangalore • workers part of growing middle class India Today 24

25. Section 3 India Today India’s economy—Agriculture • Farming is the key—25 percent of GDP, more than half of the land area. • major crops—rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum • Many farms are small. • moving toward food-grain self-sufficiency

26. Section 3 India Today India’s economy—Industry • ranks tenth in industrial production • many cottage industries—weaving, crafts • large-scale production—textiles, jute products, steel • high-tech computer industry in Bangalore

28. Section 3 India Today Comparing village and city life: • Most Indians live in villages, but cities are growing rapidly. • Villages are small, with few services; cities are enormous, with smog, noise, and congestion. • Many city-dwellers live modern, middle-class lives; villagers live a more traditional lifestyle. • Most people in villages and cities are poor, though urban poor live in giant slums.

30. Section 3 India Today Challenges: • population growth and related problems—poverty, health, education • environmental damages—water, forests, wildlife • tensions with Pakistan (Kashmir, water) and China (borders) • ethnic conflicts—Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs