World History: WWI to Modern Day

1. World History:WWI to Modern Day

2. Roots of WWI • World War I • “The Great War” • Nationalism- loyalty to one’s country • The Balkans • Ethnic groups launching revolutions against the Ottoman Empire • Some annexed by Austria-Hungary • Poland v. Russia • Ireland v. Britain

3. Roots of WWI • Militarism • Countries began building up their militaries to intimidate others • Alliances • Agreements between nations to help each other in case of war

4. The War Begins • June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist • Austria-Hungarian/German alliance • Serbian/Russian alliance • Triple Entente • Great Britain, France, Russia • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

6. The War Front • Weapons • Machine guns • Poison gasses • Tanks and airplanes • Stalemate develops • Trench warfare • Dirty ditches • “no man’s land” in between

8. The End and Aftermath • 1917- the US enters the war • 1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated • 20 million Europeans dead • President Wilson wanted peace but the allies wanted to punish Germany • Treaty of Versailles • Forced Germany to accept blame • Germany to pay reparations ($) • Hapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fell • Ottoman Empire- no longer existed

9. The Aftermath • Allies redrew national borders to benefit themselves • New countries created causing conflict • Promised independence to Arab nations but went back on their word • Mandate system • Germans left resentful • Laid the path for WWII

11. League of Nations • President Wilson proposed it • Was meant to provide a place where countries could peacefully discuss solutions • Many countries joined but no the USA • Could not enforce anything

12. Russian Revolution • Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in WWI but was overthrown in 1917 • Lenin • Marxist/Communist • Bolsheviks- socialist party • Gained control of the Russian government • Western nations sided with the non-communist • Soviet Union= Communist Russia

13. Joseph Stalin • Became communist dictator of Russia • Five Year Plan • Sought to increase industrialization in the USSR • State owned farms and starvation • Purge • Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; some killed some sent to prisons • Murdered millions of his own people

15. Effects of the Revolution • End of the Romanov Dynasty transferring power to the lower classes • Urbanization and technology • Mistrust between the Russia and the west • Later led to the Cold War after WWII

16. Totalitarian v. Authoritarian Governments • Democracy does not exist in either • Authoritarian • Only interested in political power • Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way of life • Expects people to accept government policies and carry on with their lives • Totalitarian • Government seeks to control politics, economy, culture, and social life • Terror and fear used to force citizens

17. Italy • Fascism • Nationalistic movement that is anti-democratic and anti-communist • Rules by intimidation • Benito Mussolini • Used violence to settle unrest • Became dictator of Italy after gaining support from the middle class • Repressive government

18. Adolf Hitler • Took control of Germany with the Nazi Party • Rose in power through Nationalism and promised of rebuilding • “Third Reich” • Began militarily expanding • Empire building • Appeasement • Anti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish people • “Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the Jewish people • The Holocaust

20. Japan • Emperor Hirohito • Did not have complete control of Japanese government • Militarily controlled • Hideki Tojo • Japan’s premier and led Japan through WWII

21. Leading to War • Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Austria, and the Sudetenland • Japan expanding in the Pacific and into China • Axis Powers • Germany • Italy • Japan

22. WWII • Hitler invades Poland • Britain and France enter the war • Hitler takes over France • Battle of Britain • Thousands of German planes bomb Britain • Winston Churchill- British prime minister • Britain holds on

24. US Involvement • US had remain neutral until December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor • US declares war • Allies • United States • Britain • Soviet Union/Russia • Hitler invades Soviet Union

26. Strategy • Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the western front of Europe to help him out • Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Western European Front • Tehran Conference • Allies agree to invade Europe • D-day • Significance: Paved way for Western European invasion that would end the war • France is won back

27. Yalta Conference • “Big Three” • Roosevelt/Truman (US) • Churchill (Britain) • Stalin (USSR) • Yalta Conference • After German defeat USSR would help with Japan • Eastern European countries to get elections • USSR gets land in Poland and some in China • USSR gets most reparations because they were the hardest hit • Germany divided into four zones after the war (US, Britain, France, USSR) • Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the west and the communist

28. Potsdam Conference • War in Europe ended May 1945 • Potsdam • Truman meets with Stalin and Churchill • Unconditional Surrender of Japan • Significance: led to the decision of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki • War on both fronts were finally ended • Use of the atomic bombs led to the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR • Hydrogen bomb created

30. Post WWII • Cold War • Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared would lead to nuclear war • Marshall Plan • Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and help rebuild countries • Post War Japan • Created democratic government ad helped rebuild • Today a modern, industrial, and wealthy nation • United Nations • Organization of different countries to find peaceful solutions to problems • Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia, China

31. Indian Independence • Decolonization • India was under control of Britain • Mohandas Gandhi • Leader of the Indian Independence Movement • Supported non-violent protests even through beatings by the British • Unity b/w Hindus and Muslim Indians • Gained independence but not religious peace • Pakistan created as a Muslim state • Gandhi was assassinated but inspired many

32. China’s Communist Revolution • Nationalists v. Communists • Mao Zedong • Communist leader who gained control of China • USSR supported

34. Israel • Zionism- Jewish nationalism increased after the Holocaust • 1948 Israel created for Jewish people • Arabs upset because part of Palistine was taken • Wars have broken out and still tension

35. Latin America • US was backing governments in Latin America that nationalists did not support • Latin American nationalism associated itself more with the Soviet Union • Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende), Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt (Zapatistas) • US backed anti-communist takeovers • Today’s anti-US Latin American governments • Venezuela and Hugo Chavez • Bolivia and Juan Evo Morales Ayma

36. Southeast Asia • Decolonizing after WWII • Many of the countries experienced unrest • Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh fought the French and the US • Communist nationalist won in the end

38. Africa • African nationalism also came about after decolonization • Several African countries gained independence • South Africa • Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation in South Africa • Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership for 27 years but 1994 was elected president • 1994 South African elections where black population was allowed to participate

40. Middle East • Arab National arose after the founding of Israel • Abdul Nassar became president of Egypt and united Arabs in standing against the west and supporting Palestine

41. Ethnic Conflicts • African tribes fighting one another • Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews fighting in the Middle East • Eastern Europe • Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fighting • Serbians conquered Bosnia and began ethnic cleansing killing many Bosnians • NATO helped to maintain peace

42. Terrorism • Terrorism • Use of violence against innocent people in the name of a cause • Al-Qaeda • Largest and most active terrorist group • Led by Osama bin Laden • Sept. 11, 2001 • War on Terror- invasion into Afghanistan • How does this affect us today?

44. Globalization • Globalization- worldwide interdependence • United Nations • Allows representatives to negotiate peacefully, provide aid, and back military forces to maintain stability • World Trade Organization • Monitors countries making sure they stick to international trade agreements • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) • Several oil producing nations that control the cost and supply of oil