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Writing to Argue

Writing to Argue. CLAIM-EVIDENCE-WARRANT. Step 1. Make a claim about a topic or a text. Step 2. Support the claim with relevant and sufficient evidence. Step 3. Tie it all together with valid reasoning. Warrant evidence with commentary that explains how the evidence proves the claim.

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Writing to Argue

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  1. Writing to Argue

  2. CLAIM-EVIDENCE-WARRANT Step 1. Make a claim about a topic or a text. Step 2. Support the claim with relevant and sufficient evidence. Step 3. Tie it all together with valid reasoning. Warrant evidence with commentary that explains how the evidence proves the claim.

  3. Toulmin Method: Example Claim: Don’t eat that mushroom. Evidence: It’s poisonous. Warrant: Eating poisonous things is dangerous. Don’t eat that mushroom. Because it is poisonous. Since eating poisonous things is dangerous.

  4. A Well-Supported Argument May Contain Other Kinds of Support Textual Support Counterargument Response to anticipated argument(s) from readers of their own judgments Facts Description Statistics Quotes Expert Testimony Paraphrase Reliable Sources Summary Response to the objections that a reader might have for the writer’s argument Personal Anecdotes Others’ Experiences Comparison & Contrast

  5. Minimum Guidelines by Topic(generally for body paragraphs) • Claim • Explanation • Evidence 1 • Warrant 1 • Evidence 2 • Warrant 2 • Address Counterargument • Red Bow Conclusion

  6. Minimum Guidelines by Topic(generally for body paragraphs) • Claim (Topic Sentence) – approx. 1 sentence • Explanation – approx. 1 sentence • Evidence (elaboration techniques) – approx. 1 sentence • Textual Evidence • Authoritative Quotations • Facts/Statistics • Definitions • Witness Statements • Expert Testimony • Counterargument • Repetition • Warrant 1 – MIN. 2-3 sentences • Evidence 2 – approx. 1 sentence • Warrant 2 – approx. 1 sentence • Address Counterarguments – if you haven’t already done so within your warrants • Red Bow Conclusion – wrap it all up in a concluding statement

  7. Types of Evidence • Textual Evidence • Authoritative Quotations • Facts/Statistics • Definitions • Witness Statements • Expert Testimony • Counterargument • Repetition

  8. Textual Evidence • Use direct examples and/or quotes from a text • Correctly cite source: MLA Format for English, Social Studies, Humanities APA Format for Sciences, Math EX: Fitzgerald tells readers that many people arrived at Gatsby's parties without an invitation, bringing with them only "a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission" (41).

  9. Authoritative Quotations • Use a source with credibility. • Ex: According to a Consumer Report article on May 29th…

  10. Facts and Statistics • Use specific facts and VERIFIABLE statistics. • Ex: The earth is polluted. • Ex: Approximately one-fourth of the town’s citizens…

  11. Definitions • Explain unfamiliar words or content area terms. • Ex: A derivative, a word created by using a word part, is frequently used to teach those learning new words.

  12. Witness Statements • Used when someone has seen an action occur. • Ex: The observer stated that he actually saw the lady…

  13. Expert Testimony • Find an expert in the field and explain their support. • Ex: Dr. Robert Marzano researched the factors that impact vocabulary retention.

  14. Counterargument • Recognize the “other side” of your argument. • Ex: • I realize most… • However… • On the other hand…

  15. Repetition • Use for a convincing effect – not to fill space. • Usually in famous speeches. • Ex: I have a dream… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMLOnSNwzA • Start video at 40 seconds

  16. Writing the Essay: FLEE MAP introduction Idea 1: Least Important Textual support Idea 2: Middle Importance Idea 3: Most Important Evidence 1 Evidence 1 Evidence 1 Textual support Textual support Warrant Warrant Warrant Textual support Evidence 2 Evidence 2 Textual support Evidence 2 Textual support Warrant Warrant Warrant Textual support Counterargument Counterargument Counterargument Textual support Textual support Conclusion

  17. Wed. Mini-Lesson: Citations See Handout

  18. Practice Summer was originally created for families who owned farms and needed their children’s help during crop season. Argue whether or not summer is still valuable to families. ABC Summer

  19. Tues. Mini-Lesson: MLA Heading Your Name Teacher Name Class Date Title

  20. Tues. Mini-Lesson: Common Errors 1st and 2nd PersonPronouns Contractions EMBED “For Example”

  21. Tues. Practice Summer was originally created for families who owned farms and needed their children’s help during crop season. Argue whether or not summer is still valuable to families.

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