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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

The Fat-Soluble Vitamins. A, D, E, and K. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene. Retinoids and carotenoids Vitamin A activity. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene. Retinol-binding protein (RBP). Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene. Roles in the body

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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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  1. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K

  2. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

  3. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Retinoids and carotenoids • Vitamin A activity

  4. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene

  5. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

  6. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Roles in the body • Vitamin A in vision

  7. Roles in the body • Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation

  8. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Roles in the body • Vitamin A in reproduction and growth • Beta-carotene as an antioxidant

  9. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Recommendations • Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

  10. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene • Vitamin A in foods • The colors of vitamin A foods • Vitamin A-poor fast foods • Vitamin A-rich liver

  11. In Summary • Other names • Retinol • Retinal • Retinoic acid • Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene • 2001 RDA • Men: 900 g RAE/day • Women: 700 g RAE/day

  12. In Summary • Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day • Chief functions in the body • Vision • Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin • Bone and tooth growth • Reproduction • Immunity

  13. In Summary • Significant sources • Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver • Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

  14. In Summary • Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis A • Deficiency symptoms • Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)

  15. In Summary • Deficiency symptoms (continued) • Impaired immunity (infections) • Plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)

  16. Deficiency Symptom: Keratinization

  17. In Summary • Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis A • Chronic toxicity symptoms • Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density • Liver abnormalities • Birth defects

  18. In Summary • Acute toxicity symptoms • Blurred vision • Nausea, vomiting, vertigo • Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor • Headaches

  19. Vitamin D • Other names • Calciferol • 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) • Animal version: vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol • Plant version: vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol • Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol

  20. Vitamin D • 1997 adequate intake (AI) • 19-50 years: 5 g/day • 51-70 years: 10 g/day • more than 70 years: 15 g/day • Upper level for adults: 50 g/day

  21. Vitamin D • Chief functions in the body • Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

  22. Vitamin D • Significant sources • Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight • Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes • Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils

  23. Vitamin D • Deficiency diseases • Rickets • Osteomalacia

  24. Vitamin D • Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children • Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs) • Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists) • Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)

  25. Vitamin D • Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) • Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head

  26. Vitamin D • Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued) • Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen • Muscle spasms • Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults • Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones

  27. Vitamin D • Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults (cont.) • Progressive weakness • Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs • Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis D

  28. Vitamin D • Toxicity symptoms • Elevated blood calcium • Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints) • Frequent urination

  29. Vitamin E • Other name: alpha-tocopherol • 2000 RDA • Adults: 15 mg/day • Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day • Chief function in the body • Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)

  30. Vitamin E

  31. Vitamin E • Significant sources • Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings) • Leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds

  32. Vitamin E • Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen • Deficiency symptoms • Red blood cell breakage • Nerve damage • Toxicity symptoms • Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

  33. Vitamin K • Other names • Phylloquinone • Menaquinone • Menadione • Naphthoquinone • 2001 AI • Men: 120 g/day • Women: 90 g/day

  34. Vitamin K • Chief functions in the body • Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium

  35. Vitamin K • Significant sources • Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract • Liver • Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables • Milk

  36. Vitamin K • Deficiency symptoms • Hemorrhaging • Toxicity symptoms • None known

  37. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - In Summary • Interactions with each other • Interactions with minerals

  38. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention • Free radicals and disease • Oxidative stress • Defending against free radicals • Oxidants and antioxidants

  39. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention

  40. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention • Defending against cancer • Defending against cardiovascular disease

  41. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention • Foods, supplements, or both? • Prooxidants

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