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الفكر الكينزي والكلاسيكي العرض الكلي والطلب الكلي ودور الدولة Keynes vs. the Classicals Aggregate Demand and Supply and

الجزء الرابع . الفكر الكينزي والكلاسيكي العرض الكلي والطلب الكلي ودور الدولة Keynes vs. the Classicals Aggregate Demand and Supply and the role of the government. د.إقبال الرحماني 2001. Keynes vs. the Classical economists Aggregate demand & aggregate supply and the government role .

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الفكر الكينزي والكلاسيكي العرض الكلي والطلب الكلي ودور الدولة Keynes vs. the Classicals Aggregate Demand and Supply and

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  1. الجزء الرابع الفكر الكينزي والكلاسيكي العرض الكلي والطلب الكلي ودور الدولة Keynes vs. the Classicals Aggregate Demand and Supply and the role of the government د.إقبال الرحماني 2001

  2. Keynes vs. the Classical economistsAggregate demand & aggregate supply and the government role Recall the main macroeconomic goals, and review your understanding about: 1- Economic growth 4- Potential output 2- Aggregate Supply 5- Actual output 3- Aggregate Demand 6- Business cycle

  3. 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 The Classical economists: Most Classical economists (major exception Malthus) believed that the economy operated with certain mechanismsthat insured the achievement of full employment (a self correction process) , i .e achieving potential output. A famous representative of this belief is known as SAY’s Law (Supply creates its own demand). Hence, the economy will always be at the PPC in the long run / LR; and actual output = potential output. Any slow down of the economy will only be temporary (in the short run / SR).

  4. الاقتصاديون الكلاسيكيون (ملخص( أغلب المفكرين الكلاسيكيين اعتقدوا أن الاقتصاد له القدرة الذاتية للوصول لحالة التوظف الكامل. أحد المقولات الشهيرة المعبرة عن هذا الاعتقاد هي ما يعرف بقانون ساى “ العرض يخلق الطلب عليه”، مما يضمن الوصول لحالة توازن العرض الكلي والطلب الكلي عند التوظف الكامل ، وبالتالي فإن أي إنخفاض في معدلات النمو الإقتصادي ستكون مؤقتة أي فقط في الأجل القصير. رأى المفكرون الكلاسيكيون إن هناك ثلاثة آليات تصحيحيةتضمن الوصول لحالة التوظف الكامل، وهي: مرونة الأسعار، ومرونة الأجور، وأسعار الفائدة.

  5. The Classical economists: The Classical economists believed that aggregate demand will equal aggregate supply. If AS > AD , and a recession occurred, it will only be temporary (SR). In the LRthree mechanisms will insure that AD = AS . These three mechanisms are: 1- Changes in the price level:if AS > AD , and positive inventories occurred, then the general price level will decrease, leading to an increase in AD and a reduction of inventories. 2- Changes in wages :if AS > AD , and unemployment increased, then nominal wages will drop, which will eventually increase the demand for workers and reduces unemployment.

  6. The Classical economists: 3- Changes in interest rate :if AS > AD , and the saving level is higher than investment, then interest rate will drop leading to an increase in investment and consumption expenditure (increasing AD) and reducing saving. Hence, Since, the economy has its own internal mechanisms, to overcome any recessionary trend and reaches full employment, the Classical economists believed there is no need for government intervention in the economy (Lassies Fair).

  7. Keynes:(1883- 1946) Keynes major contribution at the time of the Great Depression. Unlike the Classical economists Keynes did not believe that the economy have self correcting mechanisms to assure full employment. He believed that the three mechanisms the Classical believed in, were in fact not as flexible (sticky/ rigid) as they thought. John Maynard Keynes

  8. Keynes thought that if AS > AD, then the accumulated inventories would lead investors to reduce output. This reduction will mean the utilization of less factors of production, hence increasingunemployment. A higher rate of unemployment means less income and hence will reduce AD further. A reduction in AD, will have more recessionary impact and AS >> AD Keynes looked at investment expenditure as a factor affecting both AS and AD. Investment expenditure not only changes the capital stock and output (AS), but also changes the demand for factors of production, and the income level, and hence the AD.

  9. كينز على خلاف أغلب المفكرين الكلاسيكيين ، كينز لم يؤمن أن الاقتصاد يحمل آليات تصحيحية تمكنه من الوصول لحالة التوظف الكامل. وقد أعتبر إن آليات الأسعار والأجور غير مرنة بالشكل الذي رآه الكلاسيكيون. ففى حالة ارتفاع العرض الكلي عن الطلب الكلي (ركود اقتصادي) رأى كينز إن تكدس المخزون السلعي سيدفع المنتجين لخفض الإنتاج (وليس الأسعار) ، هذا الخفض يعني توظيف أقل للموارد الاقتصادية بما فيها العمل مما سيؤدي لارتفاع معدل البطالة. إن ارتفاع البطالة بدوره يعني انخفاض في الأجور والدخل وبالتالي انخفاض في الطلب الكلي ومن ثم تفاقم حالة الركود.

  10. If AS > AD Reduce demand for factors of production Reduce income Increase unemployment Reduce further demand for factors of production Reduce AD Higher unemployment Reduce income further Keynes AS >> AD

  11. 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Hence, the economy may be at equilibrium blow its potential output even in the long run / LR. Any slow down of the economy can continue into a depression . The persistence of the economic depression for years in Europe and the USA supported his theory. * إذن حسب رأي كينز إن الاقتصاد يمكن أن يستقر عند مستوى أقل من التوظف الكامل (الانتاج الممكن) لفترة طويلة. إن استمرار حالة الكساد في أمريكا وأوربا لسنوات طويلة تعتبر حالة تطبيقية لهذا الرأي.

  12. f Y e Y P AS(SR) 5 4 AD 3 Q 2 f 1 Y 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 AS (LR) e Y

  13. Keynes: “In the long run we are all dead” Keynes believed that the government should intervene to assist the economy to reach full employment. This intervention can be done through fiscal and monetary policies,that affect directly and indirectly the aggregate demand. Otherwise, the economy’s recession will continue causing more unemployment. Note: Fiscal and monetary policies can also be used to reduce the aggregate demand to avoid inflation. We will explore these policies later. But first examine the meaning and impact of unemployment and inflation.

  14. على خلاف المفكرين الكلاسيكيين آمن كينز بضرورة تدخل الحكومة في الاقتصاد عبر سياسات اقتصادية (السياسة المالية والنقدية) للتأثير بشكل مباشر وغير مباشر على الطلب الكلي للخروج من حالة الركود الاقتصادي ( أو في حالات التضخم(

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