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Ruminants Anatomy

Ruminants Anatomy . In Hinduism , the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and fully earthy life. Objectives – Chapter 10. Zoological classification of Bovine Terminology of Bovine TPR: Bovine Prominent anatomical or physiological properties of the species.

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Ruminants Anatomy

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  1. Ruminants Anatomy In Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and fully earthy life

  2. Objectives – Chapter 10 Zoological classification of Bovine Terminology of Bovine TPR: Bovine Prominent anatomical or physiological properties of the species. Joints Dentition Identify and describe characteristics of common breeds. GI anatomy Reproductive anatomy

  3. Big Bertha • Holds 2 Guinness World Records • One for longest lifespan • She lived 48 years! • 1945-1993 • Only 3 months shy of her 49th birthday • Even one of her calves lived to be 35 • The other for longest time breeding • She gave birth to 39 calves • She helped raise $75,000 for cancer research Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

  4. Taxonomy/ Zoological Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Artiodactyla • Even – toed ungulate • Family: Bovidae • Genus: Bos • Species:B. tarus B. indicus

  5. Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

  6. Terminology Cow: Mature female Bull: Mature male Steer: Castrated male Heifer: Immature female Calf: Neonate Heifer calf: Neonate female less than one year of age. Can be called first, second, third or fourth calf heifers. Bull calf: Neonate male younger than 1 year of age Calving: The act of parturition

  7. Physiological Data Temperature 100º F to 102.5º F Pulse rate 40 to 80 per minute Respiration rate 10 to 30 per minute Adult weight Varies by breed

  8. Anatomical Terms

  9. Types - bones vertebrae and certain facial bones humerus, radius, femur, tibia, metacarpals, and metatarsals patella, and proximal and distal sesamoid bones of the digits. sternum, ribs, scapula, and certain skull bones carpal and tarsal bones

  10. Bovine Skeleton 7, 13, 6, 5 (fused), 18-20: Olecranon; Ligamentum nuchae

  11. Comparative Vertebrae

  12. types of vertebrae • NAME--------REGION---------BEEF--------------LAMB • Cervical--------Neck------------------7-----------------------7 • Thoracic-------Ribcage---------------13---------------------13 to 14 • Lumbar--------Loin--------------------6----------------------6 to 7 • Sacral ---------Sirloin------------------5----------------------4 • Caudal---------Tail--------------------18 to 20--------------16 to 18

  13. Foot, Digits, Claws and Dewclaws foot (Dyce) digits or toes dewclaw (hoof only) fetlock jt. pastern jt. coffin jt. bulb (heel) sole wall claws (hoof)

  14. Common and Lateral Digital Extensor Tendons common digital extensor: Note: “just like” the horse, but double because 2 digits. medial head lateral digital extensor lateral head Note: three palpable extensor tendons, rather than two as in the horse. Dorsal view: IV III L M

  15. Cloven (split) hoof: Cattle/ goat/ sheep 2 digits: III and IV with 3 phalanges. Digits II and V: vestiges

  16. Weight bearing: front medial and hind lateral

  17. Erosion on the foot caused by FMD or Vesicular Stomatitis which are grossly indistinguishable from one another.

  18. Coronoid process is located medially to the zygomatic arch Process allows muscle leverage to be exerted onto the mandibleMandibular condyle: joint between the skull and the lowerIn cattle and sheep, the mandibular condyle is relatively flat and allows considerable movement in a horizontal plane. Lateral movement is important in animals whose teeth work with a grinding action.

  19. Did You Know?? Instead of upper incisors, they have a build-up of tissue called a dental pad. Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

  20. Dental Pad • Ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats • "dental pad", as shown in the image to the right of a goat.

  21. DENTAL FORMULA

  22. Dental Formulae - Ruminants 0 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 3 3 3 1 3 3 Some authors prefer to state that they have 4 incisors, with the canine tooth referred to as the fourth or cornerincisor. • Llamas* Deciduous =10 Permanent =16

  23. Eruption – Permanent teeth

  24. 1 = How old? Rostral Rostral - lateral • Teeth are longer and narrower • Not touching at upper corner • 15 – 18 months

  25. 2. How old? Eruption of one or more central incisors 1.5 – 2 years

  26. 4. How old? I3: 3 – 3.5 yr. I4: 3.5 – 4 yr. Peg teeth

  27. Llama and Alpacas • Maxillary teeth : the third incisor and canine: I3 and C1 • Mandibular teeth shown are I1-I4. • Fighting teeth are the upper third incisors, upper canines, and lower fourth incisors (six total teeth). • The fighting teeth Courtesy of Dr. Bradford B. Smith and Dr. Karen I. Timm

  28. Maxillary Arcade • Note the lack of incisors

  29. Maxillary Arcade(Lateral view)

  30. Mandibular Arcade

  31. Mandibular Arcade(Lateral view) The wide gap: diastema

  32. Plan of neck in beef, showing:1, ligamentum nuch; 2, atlas; and 3, axis. The ligamentum nuchae is pale yellow • Atlanto – occipital: nodding head • Atlanto – axial: rotation • The ligamentum nuchae is a very strong elastic ligament

  33. Ribcage • The cage formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum is an essential component of the respiratory system. • Thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by their tall dorsal spines, many of which point towards the hindquarter and are known as the feather bones.

  34. The structure of the ribcage is rather variable in lamb carcasses BEEF----------LAMB Total pairs of ribs-------------13--------------13 to 14 Pairs of sternal ribs-----------8----------------8 Pairs of asternal ribs----------5---------------5 to 6 Number of sternebrae--------7---------------6 to7

  35. Pelvis • The left pubis is separated from the right pubis by fibrocartilage • In parturition, softens V Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass showing:1, lesser sciatic notch; 2, ischiatic spine; 3, greater sciatic notch; 4, psoas tubercle; 5, obturator foramen; 6, symphysis pubis;7, ischium; and 8, ilium.

  36. Pubic The tuber coxae forms the basis of the point of the hip (hooks) Another plan of the both sides of the pelvis in a hanging carcass showing: 1, tuber coxae; 2, acetabulum; 3, acetabular ramus of ischium; 4, tuber ischii; 5, symphysis pubis; 6, ilium; 7, pubis; and 8, ischium

  37. OS COXAE - PELVIS The pelvic girdle comprised of the illium, ishium, and pubis. This is the largest of the the flat bones

  38. Ilium – Ischium - Pubis • Smallest of the three parts of the pelvic girdle • The largest and most anterior of the three parts of the pelvic girdle • Hip bone/ Pin bone

  39. Aitch bone – Body of shaft of Ischium • The aitch bone is curved in steer and bull carcasses, is moderately curved in heifers, but is straight in cow carcasses

  40. Forelimb skeleton -Scapula • The scapula is not fused to the vertebral column (like the pelvis in the hindlimb), and this allows muscles that hold the scapula to the ribcage to function as shock absorbers during locomotion. • The scapula has a distal socket joint for the next bone in the forelimb, the humerus. • This socket of the glenohumeral joint is called the glenoid cavity . • The glenoid cavity is wide and shallow, unlike the ball and socket joint in the hindlimb which is narrow and deep.

  41. ACROMION • On the lateral face of the scapula is a prominent ridge of bone called the spine of the scapula. • In beef (OX) carcasses, the scapular spine is extended distally as a prominent acromion process.

  42. Humerus – “Arm bone / clod bone” • Proceeding distally down the forelimb, the bone that articulates with the scapula is the humerus. • Proximally, the humerus has a relatively flat knob or head to fit into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Two well defined condyles on the distal end of the humerus contribute to the hinge joint at the elbow.

  43. Radius & Ulna: (‘Foreshank bone’) Beef shankbones showing: 1, distal end of humerus; 2, olecranon fossa; 3, olecranon process;, 4,radius; 5, ulna; and 6, carpal bones. • The radius is joined to the ulna and is the shorter and more anterior bone of the pair

  44. Femur – ‘Round bone or leg bone’ • The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or round bone. The articular head of the femur is deeply rounded and it bears a round ligament that holds it into the acetabulum. • Another distinctive feature of the femur is the broad groove between the two trochlear ridges located distally. The patella or knee cap slides in this groove

  45. Tibia – ‘hind shank – hock bone’ • In beef and lamb carcasses there is a single major bone, the tibia or shank bone, located distally to the femur. • Tibia and fibula 1, medial condyle, 2, lateral condyle; 3, tibia, and 4, fibula.

  46. References • http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/virtualvet/bovine/tissue_lesions.aspx?Tis=37 • http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/nIntro.jsp • http://studentvet.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/bovine-forelimb/#Humerus • McBride Douglas, Learning Veterinary terminology, 2002 • http://vetmed.illinois.edu/courses/imaging_anatomy/bovine/hindlimb/foot/ex01/ex01.html • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012 • www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/ap/faculty/klimek/.../B-P248-268.ppt

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