Political Revolutions in the 18 th and 19 th Century

1. Political Revolutions in the 18th and 19th Century

2. What would cause you to become a revolutionary today? Do you think you have the power to change your society? Afghanistan, 2004 “The Purple Finger of Courage” Iraq 2005

3. Revolution • Definition: A process that causes rapid and fundamental structural upheaval, often through violence. • Rebellion: A change of leaders rather than structures.

4. Types of Revolution Intellectual Political Social/Cultural Economic War of Independence Civil War War Against External Enemies Religious Active Participants Elites Populist (Mass Movement)

5. Ancien Regime “Evils” Mercantilism Absolutism Aristocracy The Church Slavery

6. Louis XIV (The “Sun King,” 1643-1715) • L’état, c’est moi: “I am the state.” • Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670s, becomes his court • Largest building in Europe • 1,400 fountains • 25,000 fully grown trees transplanted • Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence

7. Louis XIV“Dude look like a lady”

8. Versailles

11. Le Hameau

13. Language and Goals of Revolution • Spread Enlightenment ideas of: • Popular Sovereignty • Constitutionalism • Individual rights • Nationalism Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

14. Revolution #1 –The Glorious Revolution in England • English Civil War – Puritans vs. Royalists • Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes • Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution • King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne • Parliament supreme, Constitutional Monarchy

15. Revolution #2 –The American Revolution

16. Revolution in America – War of Independence • “No taxation without Representation” • Declaration of Independence – classic statement of the right to revolt based on Enlightenment ideas of the natural laws of politics” • “liberty, equality, and the pursuit of happiness.” • Outcome: • Independence • Constitution – 1789 – republican form of government for men of property. • Bill of Rights – individual freedoms.

17. Colonies: Logistic advantage Popular support Support of British rivals George Washington (1732-1799) provides imaginative military leadership Britain: Strong central government Navy, army Loyalist population Revolutionary War

18. Revolution #3The French Revolution Model of Revolution due to France’s global power and her power in Europe. Most radical—political, social, economic changes. Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen – individual freedoms. Reign of Terror – the guillotine Role of Napoleon – first modern man?

20. The Guillotine http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Pages/Guillot.html

24. “La Citoyenne”

25. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) After Before

26. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

27. Outcome of the French Revolution • Constitutional Monarchy • Power to the Bourgeoisie (Middle Classes) • Secularism • Nationalism “La Marseillaise” • The Question of Violence

28. Revolution # 4The Revolution in Haiti • Only successful slave revolt • Island of Hispaniola • Spanish colony Santo Domingo in east (now Dominican Republic) • French colony of Saint-Domingue in west (now Haiti) • Rich Caribbean colony • Sugar, coffee, cotton • Almost 1/3 of France’s foreign trade

29. Society in Saint-Domingue – origins of revolutionary sentiment • 1790: • 40,000 white French settlers • Dominated social structure • 30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves) • Holders of small plots • 500,000 black slaves of African descent • High mortality rate, many flee to mountains • “Maroons,” escaped slaves

30. The Revolt • Inspired by American and French revolutions • 500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of Independence • 1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur • 1791 civil war breaks out • Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman • French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene

31. François-Dominique Toussaint “L’ouverture” (1744-1803) • Outcome of Haitian Revolution: • Abolition of slavery • Independence but no respect/recognition • Continued political stability

32. Revolutions # 5+Latin American • 30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula • 3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent • Privileged class, but grievances with peninsulares • 1810-1825 led movements for creole-dominated republics • 10 million others • African slaves, mixed-race populations

33. Mexican Independence - 1821 • Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies • Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt • Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues • Creole general Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824) declares independence in 1821 • Installs self as Emperor, deposed in 1823, republic established • Southern regions form federation, then divide into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica

34. O’Higgins – Liberator of Chile Simón Bolívar – Gran Colombia "Independence is only a name. Previously they ruled us from Spain, now from here. It is always the same priest on a different mule. But as for work, food and clothing, there is no difference." Bolivar

35. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) • Led independence movement in South America • Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by Enlightenment, George Washington • Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding • Forms alliances with many creole leaders • José de San Martín (Argentina, 1778-1842) • Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, 1778-1842) • Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825

36. Gran Colombia • Bolívar hoped to form U.S.-style federation • Venezuela, Columbia, Equador form Gran Colombia • Attempts to bring in Peru and Bolívia • Strong political differences, Gran Colombia disintegrates • Bolívar goes into self-imposed exile, dies of tuberculosis

37. Brazilian Independence • Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal court to exile in Rio de Janeiro • 1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as regent • Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares independence of Brazil • Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r. 1822-1844) • Social structure remains largely intact

38. Latin America in 1830 “The Dust Never Settled?”

39. Outcome of the Latin American Revolutions • Political Independence – “the dust never settled” • A “mixed blessing” • Dependency • Caudillismo • Haciendas “A revolution for some wasn’t a revolution for all”

40. Yet. . .in today’s Latin America, interesting developments: Evo Morales, Bolivia Chavez - Venezuela Bachelet - Chile Lula - Brazil

41. Influence of Revolution throughout the 19th c. - on Slavery • Campaign to end slavery begins in 18th century • Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) • Gains momentum after American, French and Haitian revolutions • William Wilberforce (England, 1759-1833), philanthropist, succeeds in having Parliament outlaw slave trade, 1807 • Other states follow suit, but illegal trade continues until 1867

42. End of the Institution of Slavery • Haiti: slavery ends with revolution • Mexico slavery abolished 1829 • Partially to stop U.S. development of slave-based cotton industry in Mexico • 1833 Britain abolishes slavery, offers compensation to former owners • Other states follow, but offer freedom without equality • Property requirements, literacy tests, etc. block voting

43. Women’s Rights • Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights • Rousseau argues women should receive education to prepare for lives as wives and mothers • Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that women essentially born into slavery • Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797) • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)