1 / 24

The Four Revolutions of the 18 th Century

The Four Revolutions of the 18 th Century. Agricultural, Demographic, Industrial and French. Started as far back as the 16 th Century The four main changes: the re-organization of land ownership new crops new patterns of crop rotation improvements to livestock.

alder
Download Presentation

The Four Revolutions of the 18 th Century

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Four Revolutions of the 18th Century Agricultural, Demographic, Industrial and French

  2. Started as far back as the 16th Century The four main changes: the re-organization of land ownership new crops new patterns of crop rotation improvements to livestock 1700-1800: Production up 60% Commercial Agriculture _____________________________________________________________________________________ The Agricultural Revolution

  3. ENCLOSURE consolidate small farms into big farms that could produce surpluses turn the common areas into cultivated areas or areas used for pasture. Some enclosure was willing; some was declared by Parliamentary Acts—most controversial 1730-1760: 189 Enclosure Acts 1760-1790: 926 “ 1790-1820: 1394 acts __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Agricultural Revolution cont.

  4. Demographic Revolution: the Population Explosion • Lasted from 1750-1900 with exception of famine years in Ireland • England from 5 million to over 11 million • Scotland from 1 million to 2 million • Wales from 400,000 to 660,000 • Ireland from 2, 500,000 to 7, 800,000

  5. Why did this happen? the disappearance of the plague (last in 1667) and typhus more/better food (Ireland: potato, E & S: more variety) Few advances in medicine (life expectancy a bit longer) Earned wages younger so married younger & had more kids Birth rate up: illegitimacy was up ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Demographic Revolution: the Population Explosion

  6. 1760s-1830s: dates are somewhat controversial Industrial Revolution as process not an event Developed gradually and unevenly see geographical specificity map in Heyck (184-185) New Technologies Textiles: spinning Jenny in 1767 Water frame in 1769 1779—mule 1870—the power loom Sources of Energy Steam engine 1769: Watt’s condensing engine Iron and coal Transportation Shipping Many ports—long coastline Railways in 1830s-40s ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Industrial Revolution in a Nutshell

  7. Agricultural Revolution and Population Boom helped Capital: colonies and Bank of England Raw Materials: iron, coal, sheep and copper Cotton from American south Labor: increased population, landless laborers Shipping and Transport: many ports/ railways and canals Markets: internal/external, middle-class consumption Government: seen as stable since 1688 & overall was economically sound __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why did Britain Industrialize First?

  8. Probably we will never know the answer Seems to have for workers until 1820 and then again from 1850 Infant mortality down Life expectancy up Average height increased—better nutrition Not for everyone or there would probably have been less resistance to Industrialization Luddites (1811-12, 1814-16) Swing Riots (1830-31) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Did the Standard of Living Improve?

  9. Families no longer worked together—even if all worked in same factory Imposition of rigid time demands on daily life Clocks, steam whistles and bells Women’s Emancipation? No. Women paid less Women expected to work and keep up domestic duties Few women who worked were married Working women imagined to be less virtuous or moral  Victorian ideal of the “Angel of the House” __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Impact of the end of the Domestic System

  10. Images of the Industrial Revolution

  11. Images of the Industrial Revolution

  12. Images of the Industrial Revolution

  13. Images of the Industrial Revolution

  14. THE MAIN POINTS: French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars ushered in new era for Europe; idea of the unified, homogenous nation-state was born Idea about the “concert of Europe” was born Britain’s place as the revolutionary nation of Europe was challenged When war began no one truly understood how long the war would be nor how much it would change the face of Europe There was an extreme reactionary response to Revolution in Britain Writ of Habeas Corpus was suspended ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The French Revolution, 1789-1815

  15. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 (MAIN POINTS CONT.) • Nationalism/Patriotism increased substantially and became linked to conservatism • An attempt at a united rebellion in Ireland, led by the United Irishmen, failed in 1798 and led to the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland • To help pay for war, more taxes were created—including the income tax • The British Navy was extremely successful and held off a repeated attempts at an invasion by France • Revolution did not return to Britain’s shores

  16. Why did the British oppose the French Revolution? • Initially many didn’t; imagined it was another 1688 (but it wasn’t!) • British oligarchy feared revolution would spread • The Revival of the Radical movement at home • Their trade interests in Europe became threatened

  17. Key Terms from French Revolutionary Wars • William Pitt (the Younger): PM from 1783-1801 & 1804-1806) • London Corresponding Society (LCS): Radical movement • Edmund Burke, “Reflections on the Revolution in France” • Thomas Paine, “Rights of Man” • Mary Wollstonecraft, “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”

  18. Key Terms from French Revolutionary Wars • Challenges to British ideal of liberty: • Suspension of Habeas Corpus, 1794 • Two Acts, 1795 • United Irishmen, uprising in 1798 • Battle of Trafalgar, 1805 • Continental System, 1806 • Orders in Council, 1807 • War with U.S., 1812-1814 • Battle of Waterloo, 1815 • Congress of Vienna, 1815

  19. Napoleon I, Emperor of France • Represents in one person Britain’s greatest fears about France dominating European continent • British trade would be hurt in Europe • One strong power would dominate Europe • His 1815 defeat at Waterloo ends the war

  20. Battle of Trafalgar, 1805 • Lord Horatio Nelson • Fought off coast of Southern Spain (near Cadiz) • Villeneuve’s men had had to flee back to Cadiz • Four hour fight with no question about victor • Nelson wounded early—died at moment of victory • Ended serious naval conflict for rest of war

  21. Pictures from Bicentenary of Trafalgar

  22. Napoleon imposed Continental System in 1806 Block British trade in Europe British response was “Orders in Council” of 1807 Block French ports Neutrals can trade with France only if goods go through Britain first Napoleon abandons Continental System in 1812 Britain goes to war with U.S. over “Orders in Council” in 1812 British were stopping and inspecting U.S. ships ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Royal Navy & the Continental System

  23. Final battle against Napoleon at Waterloo (outside Brussels) 210,000 died in combat or of disease (1 in 85) British represented by Lord Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna Main goal was to secure British interests in Europe British got Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, Malta, Guiana, Tobago and St. Lucia 1815-1914: Pax Britannia ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1815: Waterloo & Congress of Vienna

  24. Oligarchy secure Land value and rentals increased Combination Acts of 1799/1800: no unions! 1815 Corn Law Class consciousness has begun to develop Radical movement fairly limited but produced leaders like William Cobbett who showed connections between: the end of paternalism, corrupt landowners, London money, frailty of civil rights and the need for reform ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Long-term Effects on Britain

More Related