Introduction to Organ Systems

1. Introduction to Organ Systems

2. Exam Exemptions • “For all Pre-AP and AP classes, every student making commended on their TAKS test will be given the opportunity to have their 4th-6th six weeks average replace their final exam grade.  The teacher will have an EXAM for every student and the student must be present on the scheduled day of the EXAM.  Students who earn this privilege will be expected to put their name on the exam, document their desire to have their 4th – 6th six weeks average replace the exam and then remain quiet the entire testing period.  • For all Level Classes, every student that passes their TAKS test will be given the same opportunity as above. • A student in a level class who receives a Commended score will have ten(10) points added to their exam grade, whether it is the six weeks average or the actual grade on the exam.

3. Basic Concepts • Greater complexity requires greater organization. A natural hierarchy exists where the smallest units (cells) form tissues (connective, muscular, skeletal and epithelial) which form organs which combine into an organ system. Embryonic cells differentiate as they develop (protostome/deuterostome … and germ layers) • Individual components differ. Form follows function means how it’s shaped is determined by what it does…the principle of complementarity. • All living things desire fitness (to survive and reproduce). To be successful, they must * use energy * remove waste * react to external stimuli(their environment)

4. Maintaining Good Health • Organ systems work together to maintain a “steady state” of health called homeostasis. • This is accomplished when the brain receives information (feedback) to which it responds with the appropriate action. • If the response increases the initial stimulus, it’s called positive feedback. • Ex: uterine contractions during childbirth • If the response decreases the initial stimulus, it’s called negative feedback. • Ex: sugar levels in blood

5. Includes Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Lymphatic Endocrine Endocrine Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Nervous Reproductive Organ Systems • Combine to form the complete organism

6. Integumentary System • Provides a boundary between the internal and external environments. • In humans, consists of hair, nails and • SKIN: two basic layers • Epidermis- cells filled with protein called keratin; pigment produced by melanocytes • Dermis containing sweat glands, oil follicles and hair roots • Hypodermis contains receptors called Pacinian corpuscles which detect pressure and vibration.

8. UV from sun damages skin • Use sunscreen EVERY DAY. Every time you burn your skin, you increase your chance of getting a melanoma. • Avoid prolonged exposure, especially if you are light-skinned • Reflection from water can cause sunburn even on a cloudy day • Altitude makes a difference! Skiing exposes you to more UV than swimming. • VIDEO: Gear Up

9. Diagnosing Melanomas: ABCD Asymmetry— The shape of one half does not match the other. Border—The edges are often ragged, notched, blurred, or irregular in outline; the pigment may spread into the surrounding skin. Color—The color is uneven. Shades of black, brown, and tan may be present. Areas of white, grey, red, pink, or blue also may be seen. Diameter—There is a change in size, usually an increase. Melanomas are usually larger than the eraser of a pencil (1/4 inch or 5 millimeters).

10. Is a tan a sign of good health? • Melanocytes produce pigment. • Function is to block UV rays. • Prevent damage to cells, especially those in the actively growing layer (basal cells).

11. Skeletal System • Supportive features can be inside (endoskeleton), outside (exoskeleton) or composed of fluid (hydroskeleton) • Skeletons made of bone have a solid matrix between osteocytes (bone cells) • Most bony skeletons can be divided into the • Axial skeleton which lies along the central axis and primarily protects organs; and the • Appendicular skeleton which contains the bones of the appendages.

12. Anatomy of Long Bone • Spongy bone at ends (epiphyses); often the site of red blood cell production • Compact bone which is dense/hard in shaft (diaphysis) contains marrow (energy reservoir) • Cartilaginous plate turns to bone to increase length (grow taller)

13. What color is the axial skeleton in this picture? Our skeleton is held together by ligaments which connect bone to bone and tendonswhich connect muscle to bone.

15. Joints • Provide protection when immovable (like sutures in the skull) or provide flexibility when movable (shoulders, knees, phalanges, etc.) • Pads made of cartilage between vertebrae protect bones. • Examples of movable joint types: • Shoulder = ball and socket • Thumb = saddle • Neck = pivot • Elbow = hinge • Foot = gliding Being “double jointed” means your ligaments are longer than normal so you can bend more than most people.

17. Muscular System • Three basic types of muscle: • Cardiac-found only in the heart • Smooth-found in hollow organs and vessels • Skeletal-attached to bones • Muscle cells are called myofibrils • Special proteins called actin and myosinallow muscles to contract. • Toned muscles stay partially contracted.

18. Muscles act in pairs • Muscles can only pull (not push). • Other muscle(s) must do the opposite action. • Example: bicep/ tricep, quadriceps/hamstrings • The originof a muscle is its attachment on an immovable bone. • The insertion of a muscle is its attachment on a bone that moves.

19. Muscles can get their name from the • size • fiber direction • shape • action or • location.

20. Cardiovascular System • Consists of blood, heart and vessels • Liquid matrix called plasma is ~92% water and 7% proteins. • Plasma carries formed elementsincluding erythrocytes(red bc’s) leukocytes(white bc’s) thrombocytes (platelets)

21. Types of Vessels • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. Largest is the aorta. • Veins: carry blood back to the heart; contain valves to prevent backflow of blood as it moves against gravity. Largest is the vena cava. • Capillaries: very thin walls; site of gas exchange (O2> CO2)

23. The heart is a double pump. The right side pumps for pulmonary circulation … to the lungs and back. The left side pumps for systemic (whole body) circulation. So which side of the heart is larger?

24. Interactive Tutorial `

25. Lymphatic System • Clear fluid circulating through body; must be returned via veins or else edema(swelling) results. • Fluid passes through thousands of lymph nodes which contain macrophages to engulf foreign particles. • What is the general direction of lymph flow?

26. Endocrine System A collection of glands that control and coordinate body function through messengers called hormones. Label your drawing: A = pineal gland B = hypothalamus C = pituitary gland D = thyroid/parathyroid E = thymus F = adrenal G = pancreas H = ovaries I = testes

27. Immune System • White blood cells are on the front line of defense • Immunity can be • Nonspecific: generalized defense mechanisms or • Specific: exposure to antigen results in production of antibodies

28. Response to Injury: http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/immune.htm

29. Respiratory System • Oxygen is vital to aerobic organisms. • Respiratory system provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste (from cellular respiration). • Consists of • Conducting zone which brings air in • Respiratoryzone exchanges gases; attaches oxygen to hemoglobin molecule • Air passes narespharynxlarynx down the cartilaginous trachea where it splits to enter right and left lungs via the bronchi • Bronchus further divides into bronchioles, finally ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs

30. Respiratory System (Nares) Vocal cords are two “strings” at the top of the larynx which vibrate as air from the trachea passes over them. alveoli

31. Digestive System: Oral Cavity • Digestion is both mechanical and chemical. • Teeth pulverize food to smaller pieces. • Incisors • Canine • Pre-molars • Molars • Tongue moves food and mixes it with saliva which contains enzymes • Mixture is now known as a bolus • Swallowing forces flap (uvula) over epiglottis so food goes down the esophagus and not the trachea • Material now called chyme

32. Swallowing pushes a flap of cartilage (epiglottis) over the opening to the trachea (glottis) so food doesn’t “go down your wind pipe” Esophagus

33. Chemical Digestion • Accessory organs secrete materials to aid digestion • Liver produces bile which is stored in gall bladder to digest fats • Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels *Duodenum *Jejunum *Ileum http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_digestive.html

34. Small Intestine • Food churned with acid leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine • Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum • “goblet cells” secrete mucus to ease passage of chyme • Projections called villi increase surface area to maximize absorption of food materials

35. Urinary System

36. Kidney Structure • Each kidney contains over a million filtering units (glomeruli) and tubules • Arranged in units called nephrons • Filtrate collects in renal pelvis • Urine drains from kidney to urinary bladder via ureter • and from bladder out via urethra.

37. Nervous System Extensions (dendrites) receive signal AXON TERMINALS: Transmit signal to adjacent neurons AXON: transmits signal; is insulated with myelin sheath secreted by Schwann cells CELL BODY (aka soma): • Controls our interaction with the environment. • Brain and spinal card = central nervous system • Branching nerves for body = peripheral nervous system • Nerve cells called neurons: • sensory neurons receive stimuli • motor neurons react to stimuli by activating response